Bio Final Mendelian Genetics 1

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the number of tetrads formed = the haploid number of chromosomes

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kkk

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an observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

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character

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one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character

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trait

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referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination

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true breeding

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in genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties

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hybridization

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a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant)

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monohybrid cross

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true or false: monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can occur in one plant or two plants

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TRUE: SELF POLLINATION

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a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters)

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dihybrid cross

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main difference between dihybrid and monohybrid cross

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dihybrid - two characters are observed

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any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

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allele

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an allele that is FULLY exposed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

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dominant allele

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an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

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recessive allele

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having two identical alleles for a given gene

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homozygous

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having two different alleles for a given gene

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heterozygous

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the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

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phenotype

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the genetic makeup, or set of alleles, in an organism

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genotype

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law of segregation

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Mendel's first law
-states that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation.
-so basically, a gamete will not get two alleles from the same parent

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law of independent assortment

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Mendel's second law
-states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation
-a plant that is yellow is not more likely to be tall (i think)

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the situation in which the phenotype of HETEROZYGOTES is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

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incomplete dominance

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situtation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the HETEROZYGOTE because both alleles affect the phenotype in different ways.

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codominance

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codominance and incomplete dominance can only occur in

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heterozygotes

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an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

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polygenic inheritance

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the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects

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pleiotropy

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an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic lc's for a recessively inherited disorder; usually phenotypically normal but can pass to offspring

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carrier

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human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein;
characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection
-fatal if untreated

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cystic fibrosis

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a RECESSIVELY INHERITED human blood disorder in which hemoglobin aggregates and changes red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms (pleiotropy?)

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sickle cell disease
-yes

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human genetic disease caused by DOMINANT allele, thus if you have the allele, you have it. characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system
-usually fatal how long?

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Huntington disorder
-10 to 20 years after symptoms begin

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each gene has a particular location on a particular chromosome

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true true true

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so the alleles are not the chromosome. a chromosome has many genes, and each allele is a form of that gene.

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okay i think

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produce offspring consistently identical o the parent with respect to certain defined characters after generations

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true breeding

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facts about Mendel
-austrian monk
-university of vienna

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yadayayadyayda

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reasons Mendel chose peas
-four reasons

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-small, easy, inexpensive
-short generation time
-many varieties of pure line available which were true breeding
-could obtain large numbers

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seven traits that Mendel studied

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-flower color, seed color, seed shape, flower position, pod shape, pod color, stem length

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describe mendel's monohybrid cross

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p generation - one homozygous purple flower, one homozygous white flower
f1 generation - all heterozygous purple flowers
f2 generation (self pollination)
3/4 purple 1/4 white

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how did mendel prevent self pollination?

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cut off the stamen and dusted the other flower's carpel with pollen from other flower, this then formed a pod, and planted the seeds from that pod for f1 generation

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how did f1 generation differ from f2 generation

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f1 generation was all purple flowers and were from two different flowers
f2 generation was three purple and one white and was SELF POLLINATED

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only which form appeared in f1 generation?

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dominant form

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results of monohybrid cross led to?

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law of segregation - offspring receives one allele from father and one from mother

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each gamete receives only one of each parent's pair of genes for each trait

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law of segregation

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genotypes used in dihybrid cross?

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true breeding dominant for both genes and true breeding recessive for both genes

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f1 generation of dihybrid cross.

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all heterozygous so all show the dominant phenotype
-smooth and yellow seeded

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dihybrid cross led to which law?

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law of independent assortment