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298 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
functional unit of kidney |
nephron |
|
|
85 percent of the nephron, all components within cortex |
cortical |
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15 percent of the nephron. |
juxtamedullary |
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loop of henle extends into the |
medulla |
|
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where does the loop of henle extend into the medulla? |
juxtamedullary |
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how much of the nephrons must function to ensure survival of the kidney |
one third |
|
|
nephron is made up of the |
glomerulus + tubular portion |
|
|
fenestrated capillary bed, and the site of filtration |
glomerulus |
|
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site of reabsorption and secretion |
tubular portion |
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the renal corpuscle is made up of |
fenestrated capillary bed + Bowman's capsule |
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|
visceral layer of this has specialized cells |
bowman's capsule |
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|
bowman's capsule has specialized cells called |
podocytes |
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gaps between podocytes processes surrounding the glomerulus |
filtration slits |
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the filtration membrane is made up of?
|
capillary epithelium + basement membrane+ podocytes |
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the juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of up? |
JG cells+ macula densa |
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modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole |
JG cells |
|
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with low blood pressure JG cells release |
renin |
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when the JG cells release renin, it results in |
the restoration of higher blood pressure |
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|
specialized DCT cells |
macula densa |
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site of filtration |
glomerulus |
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site at which reabsorbed materials reenter the bloodstream |
peritubular capillaries |
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|
specialized parts of peritubular capillaries that wrap around the loop of henle |
vasa recta |
|
|
the three steps that urine filtration involves |
filtration reabsorption secretion |
|
|
movement of materials across filtration membrane due to pressure differences |
filtration |
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movement of materials from filtrate back into the bloodstream |
reabsorption |
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active transport of additional materials into nephron |
secretion |
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high glomerular capillary pressure forces fluid out of capillary and into bowman's capsule creating the filtrate in? |
glomerular filtration |
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in glomerular filtration where does the fluid coming out of the capillary go to? |
bowman's capsule |
|
|
the glomerular filtration rate or GFR is |
125 ml/minute or equal to 180 L/per day |
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|
what percent of filtrate is reabsorbed? |
99 percent |
|
|
how many ml or L is excreted as urine? |
1.25 Ml/min or 1.8 L/day |
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|
how does filtrate cross the capillary epithelial cells? |
fenestrated |
|
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how does filtrate cross the visceral layer of bowman's capsule? |
through podocytes with filtration slits |
|
|
is filtration selective or nonselective? |
nonselective |
|
|
anything under 7 nm diameter or under 40,000 MW |
passes through |
|
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albumins greater than or equal to 7 nm pass through filtrate in |
small quantities |
|
|
larger ____ _____ are retained during filtration |
plasma proteins |
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|
GCP |
glomerular capillary pressure |
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|
CP |
capsule pressure |
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|
COP |
colloidal osmotic pressure |
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in GFP how much is the GCP |
60 mmHG |
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in GFP how much is the COP |
32 mmhg |
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in GFP how much is the CP |
18 mm hg |
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to find the GFP |
GCP (60)-CP(18)-COP(32)= 10mmhg |
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hydrostatic pressure that forces fluid out of glomerulus |
GCP or glomerular capillary pressure |
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caused by fluid already present in bowman's capsule |
CP or capsule pressure |
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plasma proteins remaining within glomerulus draw fluid to them |
COP or colloidal osmotic pressure |
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in tubular reabsorption filtrate leaves the renal tubules and reenters bloodstream via the |
peritubular capillaries |
|
|
tubular reabsorption occurs via |
active and passive processes |
|
|
proteins leave by endocytosis |
PCT |
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active transport removes |
glucose, aa, Na, Cl, K, MG, Ca, P
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ascending limb |
loop of henle |
|
|
what elements do the loop of henle deal with via active (co-transport) |
Na, Cl, K sodium, chlorine, potassium |
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|
DCT deals with these elements via active (co-transport) |
Na, Cl, Ca sodium, chlorine, calcium |
|
|
by the end of PCT the filtrate volume is reduced by |
65 percent |
|
|
the loop of henle DESCENDING limb is ______ permeable |
H20 water |
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the descending limb of the loop of henle reduces the filtrate another |
15 percent |
|
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in the DCT and CD, h20 permeability if affected by |
ADH anti-diuretic hormone |
|
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with the anti-diuretic hormone, ___ percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed |
19 percent |
|
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urine volume is about __ percent of filtrate volume |
one percent |
|
|
tubular secretion can be ___ or _____ |
active or passive |
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movement of materials out of peritubular capillaries and into renal tubules |
tubular secretion |
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in tubular secretion, the materials move out of peritubular capillaries and into the |
renal tubules |
|
|
active transport, H, NT, toxins, drugs, bile pigments all deal with |
PCT |
|
|
active elements in DCT |
potassium K+ |
|
|
passive elements in DCT |
hydrogen and potassium |
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|
humans produce concentrated urine due to ability to maintain high medullary concentration gradient |
hyperosmotic urine |
|
|
concentrates urine |
countercurrent multiplier system |
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|
fluid flowing in parallel tubes but in OPPOSITE directions |
countercurrent flow |
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in countercurrent flow, materials move from one tube segment to |
the next tube segment |
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examples of countercurrent flow is the |
loop of henle and the vasa recta |
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|
removes excess h20 and solutes from the interstitial fluid of the medulla without changing the high osm of fluid within the medulla of the kidney |
vasa recta |
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in the loop of henle, the water moves out of the descending limb and into the |
vasa recta
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in the loop of henle ascending limb, NaCl moves into ______ ______ to maintain its high osm |
interstitial fluid |
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H20 moves out of CD under the influence of |
ADH |
|
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urea diffuses into the ____ from interstitial fluid
|
descending limb of loop of henle |
|
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____ and _____ are impermeable to urea |
ascending limb and DCT |
|
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__ is permeable to urea |
CD |
|
|
urea moves out of CD and into |
interstitial fluid |
|
|
in hormone control a total of __ hormones are involved |
4 |
|
|
what hormones are involved in the regulation of urine production? |
aldosterone renin-angiotensin ADH ANF |
|
|
what is aldosterone stimulated by |
high potassium levels and angiotensin II |
|
|
aldosterone results in |
low urine volume |
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what is renin-angiotensin stimulated by? |
low blood pressure |
|
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stimulates the thirst center in the brain |
angiotensin II |
|
|
what is ADH produced with |
high osmotic pressure and low blood volume |
|
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without ADH you would excrete large amounts of |
dilute urine |
|
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produced by right atrium with high blood pressure |
ANF |
|
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maintenance of stable glomerular filtration rate |
autoregulation |
|
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with high blood pressure, afferent arteriole |
constricts |
|
|
with low blood pressure, afferent arteriole |
dialates |
|
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when the afferent arteriole constricts this results in |
decreased blood flow to glomerulus |
|
|
when afferent arteriole dialates, this results in |
increased blood flow through glomerulus |
|
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in sympathetic innervation, SNS stimulation constricts the |
afferent arteriole |
|
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when the sns stimulation constricts the afferent arteriole this results in |
low blood flow and low filtration formation |
|
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diuretics has a high urine volume resulting in |
low blood volume and low blood pressure |
|
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diuretics prevent |
Na reabsorption |
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preventing Na reabsorption results in |
Na/H20 being lost to urine |
|
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K sparing diuretics prevent |
excessive K loss |
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EtOH has low |
ADH levels |
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caffeine has low ____ and high ___ |
Na/Cl reabsorption Glomerular filtration rate GFR |
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dialysis doesn't |
occur naturally |
|
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this replaces the function of a nephron |
dialysis |
|
|
another name for kidney stones in
|
renal calculi |
|
|
where do renal calculi deposit? |
within renal pelvis |
|
|
kidney stones contain |
Ca2+ salts |
|
|
stones shattered and passes/aspirated |
lipotripsy |
|
|
elimination of fluid from the bladder |
micturition reflex |
|
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micturition reflex is stimulated by volumes of |
300 mL |
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|
the maintenance of water, electrolyte and acid base balance involves the |
kidneys, lungs, GI tract, and skin |
|
|
2 major fluid compartments |
intracellular fluid (ICF) extracellular fluid (ECF) |
|
|
the intracellular fluid accounts of ___ percent of total body weight |
40 percent |
|
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the extracellular fluid accounts for ___ percent of total body weight |
20 percent |
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examples of extracellular fluid |
plasma, interstitial fluid |
|
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for homeostasis to occur, |
intake=elimination |
|
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primary extracellular cation that is responsible for 90 percent of osmotic pressure within extracellular fluid |
sodium Na |
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primary organ controlling Na within ECF |
kidney |
|
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increased blood sodium |
hypernatremia |
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is seen with hypersecretion of aldosterone |
hypernatremia hypokalemia |
|
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low blood sodium levels results in |
hyponatremia |
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seen with hyposecretion of aldosterone |
hyponatremia hyperkalemia |
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high blood pottasium levels |
hyperkalemia |
|
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primary extracellular anion |
Cl- chlorine |
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Cl- is attracted to __ in ECF |
sodium Na |
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passively follows Na movement |
Cl- |
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primary intracellular cation |
K potassium |
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within ECF, kept low and maintained with very narrow range |
K potassium |
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K has major influence on |
RMP |
|
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with high potassium extracellular fluid this occurs |
depolarization |
|
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with low potassium extracellular fluid this occurs |
hyperpolarization |
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these two concentrations are controlled by the kidney |
Ca/P calcium and phosphorus |
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if you have low levels of calcium, your kidneys release __ and it raises the calcium levels |
PTH |
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if you have high calcium levels, your kidneys release ___ to bring the levels back down |
calcitonin |
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adult females are made of ___ percent water |
50 percent |
|
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adult males are made of __ percent water |
60 percent |
|
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females have 50 percent water weight due to high |
fat |
|
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males have 60 percent water weight due to high |
protein |
|
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water volume affects |
osm and bp |
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high amounts of h20 cause |
increased BP and decreased OSM |
|
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low amounts of h20 cause |
low BP and high OSM |
|
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h20 intake=h20 loss to |
maintain homeostasis |
|
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what ways can you lose water |
urine, feces, evaporation |
|
|
two ways h20 evaporates |
lungs skin |
|
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ways h20 evaporates through the skin |
insensible perspiration sensible perspiration |
|
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insensible perspiration is |
continual |
|
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sensible perspiration is |
water and ion loss |
|
|
ways to intake water |
food and metabolic water |
|
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how is metabolic water made by the body |
as a result of chemical rxns |
|
|
kidneys are the primary organs that regulate |
water volume |
|
|
this is the primary hormone regulating water balance |
ADH |
|
|
the pH of arterial blood is |
7.4 |
|
|
pH of venous blood is |
7.35 |
|
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the venous blood has a lower pH due to |
high CO2 and thats why high H is found there |
|
|
Hydrogen donors |
acids |
|
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Hydrogen acceptors |
bases |
|
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conjugate acid/base pairs that resist and minimize pH |
buffers |
|
|
important plasma buffer |
H2CO3/HCO3 |
|
|
acts as an acid to neutralize excess base |
H2CO3 |
|
|
acts as a base to neutralize excess acids |
HCO3 |
|
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accounts for 75 percent of buffering capacity |
protein buffer system |
|
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important intracellular buffer, primarily used by the kidney |
H2PO4/HPO4^2 |
|
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the two mechanisms that acid-base regulation involves |
respiratory mechanism urinary mechanism |
|
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the respiratory mechanism provides |
rapid respone |
|
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the urinary mechanism is |
slower acting but greater capacity to regulate pH |
|
|
due to low CO2 elimination (Hypoventilation) |
respiratory acidosis |
|
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if pH is below 7.35 it is |
acidosis |
|
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if pH is above 7.45 it is |
alkalosis |
|
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due to high HCO3 loss or inadequate oxygen supply. (vommiting lower GI, diarrhea) (high lactic acid) |
metabolic acidosis |
|
|
due to hyperventilation, high CO2 elimination |
respiratory alkalosis |
|
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due to excess hydrogen loss/reabsorbing HCO3 (vommiting stomach contents, low urine pH) |
metabolic alkalosis |
|
|
male reproduction produces |
sperm and testosterone |
|
|
spermatozoa is ___ sensitive |
temperature |
|
|
where is spermatozoa developed |
outside body within scrotum |
|
|
the failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum |
cryptorchidism |
|
|
male gonads |
testes |
|
|
the testes contain |
seminiferous tubules interstitial cells of leydig |
|
|
site of sperm production |
seminiferous tubules |
|
|
produce testosterone |
interstitial cells of leydig |
|
|
testes develop within |
abdominal cavity |
|
|
testes move from abdominal cavity and into the ______ during 7-8 months of fetal development |
inguinal canal |
|
|
spermatozoa production within seminiferous tubules (ST) |
spermatogenesis |
|
|
spermatogenesis begins at |
puberty |
|
|
there are ____ spermatozoa produced per day |
several hundred million |
|
|
ST contain these two types of cells |
sertoli cells germ cells |
|
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what cells are called the nurse cells |
sertoli cells |
|
|
why are they called nurse cells? |
bc they nourish germ cells and produce some hormones |
|
|
what forms the blood testes barrier
|
sertoli or nurse cells |
|
|
protects sperm against immune system attack |
blood-testes barrier |
|
|
sperm are 1N __ chromosomes |
23 |
|
|
drainage sequence for produced sperm |
seminiferous tubules-> rete testis-> vas efferentia -> epididymus |
|
|
site of maturation and sperm storage before ejaculation |
epididymus |
|
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conveyed with spermatic chord throughout inguinal canal into pelvic cavity |
vas deferns |
|
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the vas deferens transports sperm from the epididymus to the |
urethra |
|
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helps move sperm through the duct |
peristalsis |
|
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this is severed in a vasectomy |
vas deferens |
|
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formed from the vas deferns+duct draining seminal vesicles |
ejaculatory duct |
|
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passageway for urine and semen |
urethra-prostatic-> membranous-> spongy sections |
|
|
sperm+reproductive gland secretions |
semen |
|
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contribute spermatozoa ro semen |
testes |
|
|
testes represent ___ of total semen volume |
5 percent |
|
|
the 3 parts of the seminal glands |
seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourathral (cowpers) gland |
|
|
60 percent of semen volume is in |
seminal vesicles |
|
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seminal vesicles contain ____ to nourish sperm, PG, and fibrinogens |
fructose |
|
|
30 percent of semen volume |
prostate gland |
|
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this neutralizes acidic vagina, and includes clotting factors |
alkaline fluids |
|
|
5 percent of semen volume |
bulbourethral (cowpers) gland |
|
|
alkaline pre-ejaculate |
cowpers gland |
|
|
what is the coagulation function of semen |
it coagulates with the vagina after ejaculation, later sperm become mobile again and swim onward |
|
|
requires parasympathetic division ANS |
arousal |
|
|
discharge of semen from seminal glands, requires sympathetic division ANS |
emission |
|
|
expulsion of semen from urethra |
ejaculation |
|
|
after ejaculation, penis flaccid |
resolution |
|
|
what is the normal sperm count in semen |
75-400 million/ml semen |
|
|
usually __ __ ml of semen ejaculate |
2-5 |
|
|
inability to achieve/maintain erection (physical vs. psychological issues) |
impotence |
|
|
arteries within erectil tissues dilate and results in engorgement of blood during |
erection |
|
|
during erection, veins are |
compressed |
|
|
when veins in penis are compressed |
blood can not drain |
|
|
when blood can not drain due to erection, this results in |
vasocongestion |
|
|
FSH, LH and testosterone are all |
male hormones |
|
|
binds to sertoli or nurse cells in seminiferous tubules to promote spermatogenesis |
FSH |
|
|
binds to leydig cells and increases testosterone synthesis |
LH |
|
|
primary male sex hormone |
testosterone |
|
|
necessary for spermatogenesis and maintenance of secondary sexual traits |
testosterone |
|
|
testosterone increases |
protein synthesis, generally raising metabolic rate |
|
|
stimulates hair growth |
testosterone |
|
|
inhibits FSH secretion negative feedback |
inhibin |
|
|
where is inhibin from? |
testes |
|
|
female reproduction produces |
ovum female sex hormones |
|
|
female gamete |
ovum |
|
|
begins meiosis I |
oogonium |
|
|
primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells |
primary follicle |
|
|
during ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released from |
Graafian follicle |
|
|
follicle development into a secretory unit after ovulation |
corpus luteum |
|
|
the corpus luteum produces |
estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
the ____ degenerates within 10-12 days without pregnancy |
corpus luteum |
|
|
without pregnancy, the corpus luteum becomes the |
corpus albicans |
|
|
sloughing/expulsion of endometrium |
mensus |
|
|
days 1-5 of female reproduction |
mensus |
|
|
day 6-14 of female reproduction |
follicular/proliferative phase (ovarian cycle) |
|
|
day 14 of female reproduction is |
ovulation |
|
|
day 15-28 of female reproduction |
luteal/secretory phase (uterine cycle) |
|
|
during follicle development, GnRH breaks down into |
Lh and FSH |
|
|
LH and FSH affect |
development of follicle within ovary |
|
|
both hormones peak in their concentration with __ in production |
surge |
|
|
at about day __ there is an ovulation signal |
14 |
|
|
during the surge, __ is greater than ___ |
LH > FSH |
|
|
primary affect on granulosa cells |
FSH |
|
|
initial effect on theca cells, later effects granulosa cells |
LH |
|
|
you also see a rise in ____ with a peak prior to ovulation |
estrogen |
|
|
estrogen is produced by |
theca cells of follicle |
|
|
with increased estrogen, _____ begins to proliferate |
uterine mucosa |
|
|
LH surge initiates |
ovulation |
|
|
after ovulation, __ causes follicle to become corpus luteum after ovulation |
LH |
|
|
causes primary oocyte to complete Meiosis I |
LH |
|
|
causes inflammatory response within follicle that leads to ovulation |
LH |
|
|
with fertilization, HCG is produced by the |
embryo |
|
|
HCG maintains the ___ until placenta is functional |
corpus luteum |
|
|
HCG is not produced without |
fertilization |
|
|
the CL degrades after day |
25-26 |
|
|
with low progesterone and estrogen, uterine lining |
degrades |
|
|
uterine cycle changes in uterine lining during what two phases |
follicular and luteal phases |
|
|
by day 21, the lining is ready for |
embryo implantation |
|
|
from corpus luteum, causes endometrial cells to proliferate |
estrogen |
|
|
what stimulates production of progesterone receptors within uterine walls? |
estrogen |
|
|
from CL, causes hypertrophy of endometrium |
progesterone |
|
|
PMS is around days |
25-28 |
|
|
associated with rapid decline of female steroid hormones |
Premenstrual syndrome |
|
|
where does fertilization occur? |
upper 1/3 or the ampulla of the fallopian tube |
|
|
the oocyte is viable for |
24 hours after ovulation |
|
|
sperm is viable for |
48-72 hours after ovulation within female reproductive tract |
|
|
fertilization window is days |
11-15 |
|
|
milk production by mammary glands |
lactation |
|
|
lactation requires what 3 hormones |
estrogen prolactin oxytocin |
|
|
primary responsibility of breast development during pregnancy |
estrogen |
|
|
responsible for milk production |
prolactin |
|
|
responsible for milk letdown |
oxytocin |
|
|
natural birth control is |
lower GnRH release by the hypothalamus |
|
|
fertilized ovum |
zygote |
|
|
stage that implants within uterine lining |
blastocyst |
|
|
within 3-4 days after fertilization, zygote becomes |
fluid filled cell mass |
|
|
fluid filled cavity |
blastocoel |
|
|
tissue from which embryo will develop |
inner cell mass |
|
|
surrounds blastocoel |
trophoblast |
|
|
secretes enzymes that digest endometrial cells of uterus and allows blastocyte to implant |
trophoblast |
|
|
trophoblast secretes |
HCG |
|
|
what forms the trophoblast? |
the placenta |
|
|
the period from conception to birth |
prenatal period |
|
|
first 2 weeks after conception |
germinal period. |
|
|
when do germ layers form |
first 2 weeks |
|
|
most organs develope in the embryonic period which is the |
2nd to 8th week |
|
|
last 7 months |
fetal period |
|
|
the period known as the growing phase |
fetal period |
|
|
forms of sterilization |
vasectomy and tubal ligation |
|
|
behavioral ways to control pregnancy |
abstinence, coitus interuptus, rhythm method |
|
|
barrier methods to control pregnancy |
mechanical-condom, diaphragm chemical- spermicidal agents |
|
|
chemical methods to control pregnancy |
oral contraceptives decreasing LH/FSH therefor no ovulation increasing estrogen/progesterone-uterine development |
|
|
IUD prevents |
implantation |
