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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymphoma is a cancer which involves..
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Cells of the immune system called LYMPHOCYTES
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The Lymphatic system includes/..
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lymph, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes
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what does the lymphatic system do?
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One of the components of the body's immune defense - drains fluid back into bloodstream from tissues and fights infection
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Cancer cells from the tumor that the lymphatic system would most likely be found in the..
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sentinel nodes
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two categories of Lymphomas
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Hodgkins' and Non-Hodgkin's
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Hodgkin's
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lymphoma that is defined by the presence of specific malignant cells, called Reed-Sternberg cells, in the lymph nodes or in some other lymphatic tissue - younger
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Non-Hodgkin's
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lymphoma in which there is malignant growth of specific types of lymphocytes- a kind of white blood cell that collects in the lymph nodes
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The causes of most lymphomas are ...
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unknown
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Factors linked to increase risk of lymphoma
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o Having a week immune system caused by infection with a virus or bacterium, or by an inherited condition.
o Certain viral and bacterial infections include: HIV, hepatitis C virus and Epstein-Barr virus o Herbicides and Pesticides |
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Risk factors of Lung Cancer are
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1. Smoking Tobacco (primary cause/risk factor of lung cancer)
2. Cigars, Pipes, and Low Tar Cigarettes 3. Marijuana 4. Radon 5. Asbestos |
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Those who develop lung cancer at a young age seem..
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to have a genetic susceptibility for lung cancer
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abnormalities in which chromosome(s) are linked to lung cancer
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Chromosome 6
• Abnormalities on 12, 14, and 20 are also linked to lung cancer susceptibility, but it’s still a weak connection |
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Two basic screening methods for lung cancer
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o Chest X-rays
o Spiral computed tomography |
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Four types of diagnosis techniques for Lung cancer
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o Bronchoscopy – Examine the bronchi and take a biopsy.
o Thoracoscopy or video-assisted thoracic surgery – insert a camera into the patient o Phlegm samples o Mediastinoscopy – Lymph nodes are removed for biopsy. |
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Treatment method for lung cancer
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is often a combination surgery/staging, chemotherapy, and radiation
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Risk factors for Prostate Cancer
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• Age, Diet, Race, Family, and specific gene Mutations
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Symptoms of Prostate cancer
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• Difficulty starting or holding back the flow of urine
• Pain/burning/blood during urination • Difficulty in getting or maintaining an erection |
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Screening of Prostate cancer
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• Digital Rectal Examination
• Prostate Specific Antigen • Transrectal Ultrasound • Annual tests beginning around the age of 50 • Biopsy • Gleason Grade |
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Treatment for prostate cancer
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• Surgical
• Radiation • Hormone Deprivation • Chemotherapy • Watchful Waiting |
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Prostate cancer forms in the prostate which is compose of...
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branching glands, with ducts that are aligned with secretory epithelial cells and basal cells
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primary risk factors of colorectal cancer are
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age and family history
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Primary lifestyle risk factor for colorectal cancer is
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diet (high in meat and low in fruit, veg or fiber
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Gene factors for colorectal cancer
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• 5th, 17th, 18th Chromosomes frequently suffer loss of heterozygosity
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Screening for colorectal cancer
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• Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FISG)- procedure looking in the rectum and sigmoid for polyps
• Double contrast barium enema - series of x-rays of the lower intestines • Virtual colonoscopy - series of x-rays generating 2-D & 3-D images of colon • Colonoscopy |
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treatment methods of colorectal cancer
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o Surgery (primary treatment option)
o Radiation (used during stages II-IV) o Chemotherapy (used during stages III and IV) |
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DCIS
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breast cancer which takes place striclty in the ductal cells - ductal carcinoma
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IDC
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Invasice ductal carinoma (80% of breast cancer) - malignant cells have broken through epithelial layer
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ILC
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Invasive lobular carcinoma - occuring in the epithelial cells of milk-producing lobules
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IBC
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Inflammatory breast carcinoma (rare) -
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Risk factors of Breast Cancer
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gender and age and potential environmental factors (obesity)
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Screening for breast cancer
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self-exam
Mammograms MRI scan lymph node biopsy |
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Treatment for breast cancer
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radiation
surgery - lumpectomy (removal tumor and surrounding tissue) and mastectomy (removal of entire breast and sometimes nodes) Chemo estrogen inhibitor |
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Risk factors of leukemia
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Age, gender, ethnicity
-Changes to the DNA in bone marrow after birth -Exposure to high levels of radiation -Cigarette smoking -Working with chemicals such as benzene and formaldehyde -Conditions caused by abnormal chromosomes |
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Four types of leukemia
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia
-Acute myeloid leukemia -Chronic lymphocytic leukemia -Chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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major risk factor of cervical cancer
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Major risk factor: Human papillomavirus (HPV)
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Treatment for cervical cancer
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• Surgical treatment: cryosurgery, D and C, hysterectomy (simple or radical), or pelvic lymph node dissection
• Radiation and/or chemotherapy is recommended for most cervical cancers |
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types of testicular cancer
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1. Seminomas:
• Germ cells; most common, arise from the epithelium or lining of the sperm-producing tubules 2. Nonseminomas: • Germ cells; develop earlier, grow faster and spread quicker 3. Stromal Tumors • Stromal cells; most rare, develop in supporting tissues were hormones are developed |
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Risk factors of testicular cancer
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Age, family history, atypical nevi, HIV
• Cryptorchidism Syndrome • Klinefelter’s Syndrome |
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Treatment for testicular cancer
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Surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.
• Radical inguinal orchiectomy • Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) |
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layers of skin
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Epidermis- top layer
Dermis- middle layer Hypodermis- deepest layer |
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Three types of skin cancer
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Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC):
Most common, affects basal cells in epidermis, occurs on areas exposed to sun, seldom metastasizes and slow growing Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): Second most common, affect squamous cells, tendency to develop on sun- exposed areas with scars, sores, areas subjected to multiple X-rays Melanoma: Rarest form, deadliest, develop anywhere on body where melanocytes (pigment making cells) exist, trunk on men, lower legs on women usually |
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Risk factors for skin cancer
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Three types of UV Rays: UVA, UVB, UVC
Tanning/Sunburnt Hereditary: inherited melanoma Atypical Nevi (Moles) |
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Treatments for skin cancer
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Surgery: cryosurgery, laser surgery,
Chemotherapy: topical chemotherapy, systematic chemotherapy Immunotherapies: enhance immune system, mainly for melanoma |
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Risk factors of ovarian cancer
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Age, genetics, and prolonged estrogen exposure
(colon and breast cancer also increase the risk) |
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Lowering the risk of ovarian cancer
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birth control pill and surgical modifications
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Types of ovarian tumors
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epithelial tumors
germ cell tumor stromal tumor |
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detection methods for ovarian cancer
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pelvic exam
ultrasound blood test biopsy |
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stages of ovarian cancer
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1 - confined to one or both ovaries
2 - spread to other locations in the pelvis 3 - spread beyond the pelvis to lymph nodes within abdomen 4 - spread to organs beyond abdomen |
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treatment methods for ovarian cancer
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combination of surgery and chemo
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What forms of treatment are the most common for most types of Cervical Cancer?
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Chemotherapy and Radiation
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What tumor supressor gene is commonly associated with inherited (high-allele) breast cancer?
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BRCA Gene (BReast CAncer); if a woman presents a case of a mutation on the BRCA gene, her chances of developing breast cancer go from 12% to 80%.
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Mutations in what two tumor suppressor genes are linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer?
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BRCA1 & BRCA2
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What are the three main types of testicular cancer and which is most common?
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1. Seminomas (most common)
2. Nonseminomas 3. Stromal cell tumors |
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What are three treatment methods for Leukemia?
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Chemotherapy: Most common form, targets leukemic cells through a combination of drugs, disrupts cells cycle Bone marrow transplant: leukemic cells are destroyed already by chemo, then healthy bone marrow or stem cells are transfused to stimulate bone marrow production. Umbilical cord stem cells: tolerant matching and readily available, have less graft vs. host disease
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How many lobes, or sections, does each lung have? Why is there a difference?
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The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes. The left lung has one less than the right because it must accommodate space for the heart.
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Name the three types of ovarian tumors.
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Epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and stromal tumors.
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