Bio Exam: 3

Front 1

Gene

Back 1

A heriditary factor that influences a particular trait

Front 2

In diploids, how many alleles of each gene does the genotype have?

Back 2

two

Front 3

In haploids, how many alleles of each gene does the genotype have?

Back 3

one

Front 4

homozygous

Back 4

having two of the same allele

Front 5

heterozygous

Back 5

having two different alleles

Front 6

Are pure line individuals homozygous or heterozygous?

Back 6

homozygous

offspring have same phenotype

Front 7

hybrid

Back 7

offspring from crosses b/w homozygous parents with different genotypes

heterozygous offspring

Front 8

reciprocal cross

Back 8

phenotypes associated with male and female in a prior cross are reversed

-if crosses give identical results, sex of parent does not influence transmission of the trait

Front 9

testcross

Back 9

b/w homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype & unknown genotype

-used to determine if dominant phenotype is heterozygous or homozygous

Front 10

what did working with one trait at a time allow for?

Back 10

1) established that blending inheritance does not occur

2) each pea plant has two of each gene

3) principle of segregation

Front 11

Monohybrid Cross

Back 11

b/w two heterozygous parents for same trait

Rr and Rr

Front 12

Reciprocal Cross

Back 12

switch maternal and paternal phenotypes from previous cross

Front 13

Dihybrid Cross

Back 13

b/w two heterozygous parents for 2 different traits

RrYr and RrYy

Front 14

Test Cross

Back 14

to find unknown genotype
cross unknown genotype individual with homozygous recessive

Front 15

hybrid

Back 15

offspring b/w RR and rr

Front 16

two leading hypotheses for the pattern of inheritance?

Back 16

blending inheritance

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 17

blending inheritance

Back 17

traits observed are a blending of mother and father’s traits

Front 18

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Back 18

traits observed are modified traits from parents

Front 19

pure-line

Back 19

individual produces identical offspring

Front 20

Mendel's 5 claims?

Back 20

i. Peas have two alleles
ii. Alleles do not blend together
iii. Each gamete contains one allele
iv. Male and female contribute equally to genotype of offspring
v. Alleles can be dominant or recessive

Front 21

chromosome theory of inheritance

Back 21

genes located on chromosomes

patterns of inheritance are determined by the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis

Front 22

codominance

Back 22

heterozygotes exhibit both traits seen in homozygous parents

Front 23

incomplete dominance

Back 23

heterozygote phenotype is a blend of both homozygous parents

Front 24

linkage

Back 24

physical association of two genes because they are on the same chromosome

Front 25

pleiotropy

Back 25

ability of a gene to affect more than one phenotypic trait

Front 26

polygenic inheritance

Back 26

when many genes affect one trait

Front 27

recombinant

Back 27

possessing a new combination of alleles

Front 28

aneuploidy

Back 28

having abnormal number of copies of a chromosome

Front 29

central dogma

Back 29

DNA-->RNA-->proteins

Front 30

deleterious mutation

Back 30

reduces fitness

Front 31

how many codons are there?

Back 31

64

Front 32

inversion

Back 32

segment of chromosome breaks, flips, and rejoins with a flipped orientation

Front 33

knock-out allele

Back 33

does not function at all

Front 34

missense mutation (replacement mutation)

Back 34

a point mutation that causes a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein

Front 35

point mutation

Back 35

change in a single base pair

Front 36

one gene, one enzyme hypothesis

Back 36

each gene is responsible for making one protein (usually an enzyme)

Front 37

polyploidy

Back 37

having more than 2 full sets of chromosomes

Front 38

silent mutation

Back 38

is not actively expressed

Front 39

start codon?

Back 39

AUG-codes for methionine

Front 40

stop codons?

Back 40

UAG UGA or UAA

Front 41

transcription

Back 41

RNA is made from a DNA template

Front 42

translation

Back 42

proteins and peptides are synthesized from mRNA

Front 43

translocation

Back 43

1) in plants, movement of sugars through phloem

2) type of mutation where a piece of chromosome moves to a non-homologous chromosome

3) ribosome moving down mRNA during translation

Front 44

adventitious roots

Back 44

develops from shoot system, rather than root

Front 45

apical bud

Back 45

a bud at the tip of the stem

growth occurs to lengthen the stem

Front 46

apical meristem

Back 46

a group of undifferentiated plant cells at the tip of a stem or a root

responsible for lateral growth

Front 47

axillary bud

Back 47

a bud that forms in the angle between a stem and a branch

may develop into lateral branch

Front 48

what is bark composed of?

Back 48

cork cells, cork cambium and secondary phloem

Front 49

callus

Back 49

a mass of undifferentiated cells that can generate roots and other tissues necessary to create a mature plant

Front 50

where is cell sap found?

Back 50

vacuoles

Front 51

collenchyma cell

Back 51

an elongated cell with cell walls thickened at the corners;supports growing plants; usually found in strands along leaf veins and stalk

Front 52

companion cell

Back 52

in phloem: connects via plasmodesmata to adjacent sieve tubes; provide materials to maintain sieve-tube members and function in the loading and unloading of sugars into sieve-tube members

Front 53

cork cambium

Back 53

type of lateral meristem; consists of a ring of undifferentiated plant cells; found just under cork layer; produces new cork cells on outer side

Front 54

cork cell

Back 54

waxy; in the protective most outer layer of woody plants

Front 55

cortex

Back 55

layer of ground tissue found outside the vascular bundles and pith of a plant stem

Front 56

dermal tissue system

Back 56

forms most outer layer

Front 57

fiber

Back 57

plants: type of sclerenchyma cell; provides support to vascular tissue

Front 58

ground meristem

Back 58

middle layer of a young plant embryo; gives rise to the ground tissue system

Front 59

ground tissue

Back 59

an embryonic layer
gives rise to parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma

Front 60

heartwood

Back 60

older xylem in center of older stem/root; contains protective compounds; no longer aids in water transport

Front 61

lateral meristem (cambium meristem, secondary meristem)

Back 61

layer of undifferentiated plant cells found in older stems/roots; responsible for secondary growth

Front 62

lenticels

Back 62

spongy segments in bark; allow gas exchange between cells in a woody stem and the atmosphere

Front 63

meristem

Back 63

group of undifferentiated cells that can develop into various adult tissues throughout life

Front 64

mucigel

Back 64

slimy substance secreted by root caps;
eases passage of the growing root through the soil

Front 65

parenchyma cell

Back 65

involved in photosynthesis, starch storage, and new growth;
found in leaves, and centers of roots/stems and fruits; thin cell walls

Front 66

perforation

Back 66

small hole in primary and secondary cell walls of vessel elements; allow for the passage of water

Front 67

phelloderm

Back 67

in stems of woody plants; thin layer of cells b/w outer cork cells and inner cork cambium

Front 68

phloem

Back 68

conducts sugars; contains sieve-tube members and companion cells; primary and secondary

Front 69

where does primary phloem develop from?

Back 69

pro cambium of apical meristems

Front 70

where does secondary phloem develop from?

Back 70

vascular cambium of lateral meristems

Front 71

pit

Back 71

small hole in cell walls of tracheids; allow passage of water

Front 72

pith

Back 72

shoot systems; ground tissue located to the inside of vascular bundles

Front 73

primary growth

Back 73

increase in length; due to activity of apical meristems

Front 74

procambium

Back 74

group of cells in center of a young plant embryo; gives rise to vascular tissue

Front 75

protoderm

Back 75

exterior of a young plant embryo; gives rise to the epidermis

Front 76

rhizome

Back 76

modified stem that runs horizontally underground and produces new plants at the nodes

Front 77

root cap

Back 77

covers/protects tip of a plant root; senses gravity and determines direction of root growth

Front 78

root hair

Back 78

long/thin outgrowth of the epidermal cells of plant roots; provides increased SA for absorption of water and nutrients

Front 79

sapwood

Back 79

younger xylem in the outer layer of wood; water transport.

Front 80

scleroid

Back 80

schlerenchyma cell; protects (nutshells)

Front 81

sclerenchyma cells

Back 81

thick secondary cell wall; support; contains lignin, fiber, and scleroids; dead at maturity

Front 82

secondary growth

Back 82

increase in width due to apical meristems

Front 83

sieve plate

Back 83

pore-containing structure at one end of a sieve-tube member in phloem

Front 84

sieve-tube member

Back 84

elongated sugar-conducting cell in phloem; has sieve-plates at both ends; allows sap to flow to adjacent cells

Front 85

stolon

Back 85

modified stem; runs horizontally over soil surface; produces new plants at nodes

Front 86

totipotent

Back 86

capable of dividing and developing to produce a complete, mature organism

Front 87

tracheid

Back 87

long/thin; conducts water; gaps in secondary cell walls; allows h2o movement thru adjacent cells

Front 88

transpiration

Back 88

water loss from aboveground plant parts; primarily thru stoma

Front 89

trichome

Back 89

hairlike appendage; grows from epidermal cells

Front 90

vascular bundle

Back 90

cluster of xylem and phloem strands in a stem

Front 91

vascular cambium

Back 91

one of two types of lateral meristem; ring of undifferentiated plant cells in cork cambium; produces secondary xylem/phloem

Front 92

vascular tissue

Back 92

conducts water or solutes from one part of plant to another

Front 93

vessel element

Back 93

a short, wide, water-conducting cell; has gaps through primary/secondary cell walls; allows unimpeded passage of water between adjacent cells

Front 94

xylem

Back 94

conducts water/ions; contains tracheids and/or vessel elements; primary and secondary (wood)

Front 95

where does primary xylem develop from?

Back 95

pro cambium of apical meristems

Front 96

where does secondary xylem come from?

Back 96

vascular cambium of lateral meristems

Front 97

zone of cellular division

Back 97

group of apical meristematic cells; behind root cap where cells are actively dividing

Front 98

zone of elongation

Back 98

group of young cells; behind apical meristem; increases in length

Front 99

zone of maturation

Back 99

groups of plant cells (in roots) that are differentiating into mature tissues; behind root cap

Front 100

flaccid

Back 100

no turgor pressure (Press Potential=0)

Front 101

why don't blood cells burst in the bloodstream?

Back 101

they are in an isotonic enviro

Front 102

ethylene

Back 102

plant hormone involved in aging and ripening of fruit