Bio 98 Cumsky

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Metabolism

Back 1

chemistry of life
i.e. biochemistry

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Metabolic Roles

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1 - generation of energy (ATP)
2 - generation of biosynthetic precursors (AA, sugars, fatty acids)
3 - synthesis of macromolecules(proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)
4 - synthesis/degradation of special products (steroids)

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autotrophs

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use CO2 from the atmosphere as their sole source of carbon

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heterotrophs

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cannot use CO2 from atmosphere and must obtain carbon from their environment in complex organic molecules such as glucose

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catabolism

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breakdown of complex molecules to form energy

ADP to ATP

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anabolism

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aka biosynthesis

small simple precursors synthesized into larger, complex molecules

ATP to ADP

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carbs, fats, proteins to CO2, H2O, NH3

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catabolism

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AAs, FAs, sugars, nucleotides to proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids

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anabolism

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"Unity" principle

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Biochemistry of life is essentially the same in all organisms

relevance=underscores the need for very careful regulation of metabolism

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Modes of metabolic regulation

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1-compartmentalization
2-org. of rxns into stepwise pathway (end product inhibits "feedback" inhibition
3-regulation of expression of imp. metabolic genes (hormonal control, transcript/translat. control)

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compartmentalization

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defined rxns occur in specific cellular compartments

cytosol=54%
mitochondria=22%
rough ER=9%
smooth ER/Golgi=6%
nucleus/nucleolus=6%
microbodies/peroxisomes=1%
lysomes-1%
endosomes-1%

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Concept of "energy change"

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conceived by Daniel Atkinson
in 1970s (e.coli)

ATP +.5ADP/(ADP+ATP+AMP)

ATP=1
AMP=0 for all EC

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What is the EC of organisms?

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all organisms maintain an EC of approximately 0.9 (.82-.95)

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endonucleotides

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primarily ATP

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Daniel Atkinson

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concept of energy change

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cell fractionation

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1-mix sucrose homogenate with teflong pestle
2-strain/vacuum filtrate out homogenate
3-centrifuge 600gx10min. to get supernatant 1 (nuclei/unbroken cells)
4-centrifuge 15000gx5min. to get supernatant 2 (mitochondria, lysosomes, and microbodies)
5-centrifuge 3rd time 100,000gx60min. to get supernatant 3 (fraction of cytoplasm, ER/Golgi/plasma membrane)

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glycolysis

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"ancient" pathway

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Louis Pasteur

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studied "fermentations-anaerobic degradation of glucose" in the making of wine finding that microrganisms(yeast) were involved

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fermentation

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an energy producing pathway with no net oxidation fo reactants or products ex.=fruit juice into ethanol

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Pasteur effect

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oxygen inhibits fermentation
O2 present=less glucose

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Buchner

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studied under Fisher (fisher projections)

credited for finding that fermentation can occur in "cell free" yeast extracts

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Harden and Young

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1900s
young was harden's student

inorganic phosphate stimulates fermentation in cell free systems

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five people responsible for elucidation of entire glycolytic pathway

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Embden, Meryerhof, Warburg, Parnas, and con Euler-Chelpin

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The glycolytic pathway is also commonly called the...

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Embden-Meyerhof pathway

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Otto Warburg

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worked under Fischer
1883-1970
credited along with von Euler-Chelpin for elucidation of the whole pathway in yeast

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Embden and Meyerhof

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credited for whole pathway in muscle

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How many nobel prizes have been awarded for work on or related to the glycolytic pathway?

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5!!!

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equation for glycolysis

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glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2 Pi ---- 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2 ATP + 2H2O

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the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is exergonic or endergonic?

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exergonic

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the conversion of ATP from ADP and Pi is exergonic or endergonic?

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endergonic

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importance of phosphorylated intermediates

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9 intermediates from glucose to pyruvate are phosphorylated

1-plasma membrane lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars forcing it to stay in the cell saving energy to keep it in
2-essential in conservation of metabolic energy
3-binding of phosphate groups to active sites of enzymes lowers activation energy/increases specificity of enzymatic rxns

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What is the role of Mg2+ in the degradation of ATP to ADP?

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shields negative charges of phosphoryl groups in ATP, making the terminal phosphorus atom an easier taget for nucleophilic attack by an -OH of glucose

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isozymes

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two enzymes that catalyze the same rxn but are encoded in different genes

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catalyst of step 1 glycolysis

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hexokinase

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catalyst of step 2 glycolysis

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phosphohexose isomerase
or
phosphoglucose isomerase

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catalyst of step 3 glycolysis

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phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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catalyst of step 4 glyclosis

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fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase

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catalyst of step 5 glycolysis

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triose phosphate isomerase

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catalyst of step 6 glycolysis

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glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrgenase

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catalyst of step 7 glycolysis

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phosphoglycerate kinase

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catalyst of step 8 glycolysis

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phosphoglycerate mutase

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catalyst of step 9 glycolysis

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enolase

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catalyst of step 10 glycolysis

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pyruvate kinase