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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What defines a plant? |
-multicellular -phototrophic -chloroplasts contain photosynthetic pigments -storage molecule is starch -cellulose in cell walls -alternation of generations |
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What defines a land plant? |
-have apical meristems -embryophytic -sporangia -spores protected by sporopollenin -cuticle -stomata |
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What challenges do land plants face? |
-enough water -transporting water within system -maintaining a moist surface for gas exchange -transporting photosynthetic sugars -reproduction of little water -protecting the embryo from desiccation -coping with fluctuating temperatures -dispersal without water` |
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What are Liverworts? |
-found in damp forest floors or riverbanks
-dense mats -part of Hepaticophyta |
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What are mosses? |
Bryophyta -common in moist forest -abundant in extreme environments |
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What are hornworts? |
Anthocerophyta -sporophytes that look like horns (have stomata) -harbour symbiotic cyanobacteria (fix bactetia) |
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Life cycle of a borophyte |
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What are some characteristics of seedless vascular plants? |
-paraphyletic group -conducting tissues (sporophyte generation) -depend on water for reproduction (flagellate sperm) |
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What are equisetophyta |
-conspicuously jointed -black or red-brown leaves in small whorls at each joint -sporangia aggregated in terminal strobulis (cone-like) -prominent in fossil record -only 15 species known (10 in BC) |
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What are quilworts? |
Isoetophyta -narrow leaves with quill-like blades -sporangia embedded in leaf bases near surface of substrate -aquatic |
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What are club mosses? |
Lycopodiophyta -up to 40m tall -most ancient plant lineage with roots -most live on forest floor |
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What are the three branching patterns? |
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What are Pteridophyta? |
Polypodiophyta (ferns) -most species rich seedless vascular plants -abundant in tropics -only seedless vascular plants to have large, developed leaves (fronds) |
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What is this? |
Ophioglossaceae (leaf not in circinate buds, some are though) |
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What are Osmundaceae? |
spore bearing leaves (brown at maturity), different from vegetative leaves |
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What are Pteridaceae? |
Petiole appearing to fork into 2 main divisions -sori becoming confluent as marginal bands, not borne in cup-like structures -maidenhair |
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What is Dennstaediaceae? |
-leaf blade broade deltate to ovatate -sori discrete, spherical, borne in circular or slightly bivalve cups -bracken fern |
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What is Polypodiaceae? |
-evergreen leaves -Indusia absent -licorice fern |
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What is Blechnaceae? |
-sori closely aligned in single, chain like row, adjacent to and on both sides of costa -deer fern |
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What is Woodsiaceae? |
-veins of leaves not reaching margin of leaf segments, indusia present -lady fern |
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What is Dryopteridaceae? |
-indusia round to reniform, teeth of leaf segments often bristle-tipped -sword fern -if leaf segments no bristle-tipped woodisaceae |
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What are seed plants? |
monophyletic group that consists of gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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What are cycadophyta (cycads)? |
Gymnosperms -resemble ferns/palms -abundant when dinosaurs roamed |
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What are ginkgophyta (ginkgos)? |
Gymnosperms -have extensive fossil record -only one species alive today -unlike most gymnosperms (deciduous) |
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What are redwoods? |
-all species in lineage are large shrubs or trees -world's largest plants -narrow leaves, scale-like overlapping leaves (thrive in cold habitats, produce cones, wind pollinated, seeds dispersed by animals as well) |
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What is Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)? |
-comprised of about 70 species in three genera -vines from tropics, desert dwelling shrubs in North America, unusual plant (Welwitschia, only 2 leaves above ground) -vessel elements in addition to tracheids |
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What is Pinophyta? |
-habitat normally woody trees and shrubs with narrow scale like leaves -seeds borne commonly in a strobilus (cone) on surface of scale, never enclosed in an ovary -styles and stigmas are absent |
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Describe Pinopsida |
-living species make wood -pines: unique arrangement of need like leaves -pines: common on sandy soils -spruces/firs: common in very cold enviornments |
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What is taxaceae? |
-seeds borne singly, concealed by red fleshy aril, abaxial on under surface of flat leaf -linear leaves bearing pale yellow, longitudinal stomatal line |
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What is cupressaceae? |
-opposite leaves, conceal branchlet -strobili with peltate scale or opposite basifixed scales, or berry like form |
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Describe juniperus |
-seed cones fleshy and resembling a firm berry, scales not opening, seeds not winged, abaxial glands are eliptic to elongate |
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Describe western red cedar |
-flat branches -alternating pairs of leaves dimorphic -lateral ranks are folded while upper and lower are flat -seed cones ellipsoid with basifixed scales |
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What is pinaceae? |
includes pines, spruce, firs, larch, hemlocks -leaves borne stingly, alternate (picea, abies, tsuga, pseudotsuga) -fascicled in bundles of 2, 3, 5 (pinus) -strobili with flat, alternately arranged scales, each scale bearing 2 ovules and subtended by a feww bract (pinaceae) |
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Describe larix |
-leaves of the short shoots in spirally arranged tufts of 10-60 leaves, annually deciduous -each scale of strobili without an umbo |
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Describe pinus |
-leaves of short shoots in fasicles of 2-5, each scale with an umbo, bracts hidden by scales of strobili |
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Describr ponderosa pine, western white pine and whitebark pine |
-fasicles of 3-5 leaves -short shoots fasicles of 3, long cones (ponderosa) -short shoots fasicles of 5 with needles; long seed cones (white pine); nearly stalkless, disintegrate at maturity (whitebark) |
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What does it mean when leaves borne singly? |
-bracts of seed cone conspicuously exerted -attached directly to branchlet and expanded to elliptical base -bark when young may have resin blisters |
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Differences between true firs and grand fir? |
True fir: (Abies) strobili erect, resinous, deciduous scales, leaves expand to circular base and are usually notched at the end Grand fir: needles on upper side point sideways to make it appear as a flat plane |
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How are Amabilis fir and subalpine fir different? |
-needles on upper branchlet point upwards (amabilis) -leaves on upper side of branchlet all point upwards (subalpine) |
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Describe hemlocks |
-flat leaf blades, petiolate, rounded at apex, may be dimorphic -terminal shoot at top of tree nodding |
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What is magnoliophyta? |
-habitat can be woody or herbaceous with various types of leaves (broad/flat) -seeds enclosed in ovary -stigma and style usually present and elevated above ovary |
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Describe angiosperms |
Anthophyta -most species rich of land plants -range in size -thrive in desert environments to freshwater or rain forests -vascular tissue and vessel elements -most terrestrial -supply food that supports basically every species |
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What are the 11 groups of dicot magnoliopsida? |
Artificial groups (woody) 1; leaves opposite 2; leaves alternate (catkins) 3; leaves alternate (floral, many) 4; leaves alternate (floral, distinct) 5; leaves alternate, (floral, fused) Artificial groups (herbs) 6; terrestrial (leaves opposite) 7; terrestrial (leaves basal, alt, opp) 8; terrestrial (leaves alternate, capitulum) 9; terrestrial (alternate, floral 4) 10; terrestrial (alternate, floral 5 distinct) 11; terrestrial (alternate, floral 5 fused) |
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What are some characteristics of monocots? |
-veins parallel in leaf blades -typically in 3 or 6 parts - secondary lateral growth absent |
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What are some characteristics of dicots? |
-veins usually pinnately/reticulate in leaf blades -typically 4/5 or more parts -secondary lateral growth can be present or absent |
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What are liliopsida? |
-free floating or near surface of water -plants not thyloid, differentiated into stems and leaves, usually much longer or taller than thalloid plants -monocots |
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Difference between Iunaceae, poaceae and cyperaceae |
Iunaceae: leaves terete or elliptic in cross section with complete septa in hollow stem Poaceae: leaves arranged in 2 ranks with collar like ligules; panicale inflorescence Cyperaceae (sedges): leaves arranged in 3 ranks, ligules, inconspiculous, inflorescence a spike |
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What are typhaceae? |
-unisexual in dense, spherical clusters, each flower has one stigma -inflorescence a spike -fruit is one seeded capsule and wind dispersed |
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Describe araceae |
-herbs (shrubs, vines) -simple leaves, reticulate, parallel venation -unisex flowers, highy reduced, sessile -fruit berry -includes duckweed |
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What is rosaceae? |
-large family includes trees, shrubs, herbs, vines -variable in shape with stipules -perfect flowers, actinomorphic, most pollinated by insects -numerous stamen and carpels -floral parts attached to hypanthium (fused portion of sepals, petals, stamens) |
