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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proteins are composed of smaller molecules called...
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amino acids
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Triglycerides, Diglycerides, and Monoglycerides are composed of fatty acids covalently bonded to...
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glycerol
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Two phospholipids found within cell membranes
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phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
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Estrogen, Testosterone, and Progesterone are synthesized from the neutral lipid...
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Cholesterol
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A polysaccharide
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Amylopectin, cellulose
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List a dissacharide
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Lactose, sucrose, maltose
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A monosaccharide
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Fructose
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Which group of biological molecules contains peptide bonds?
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Proteins
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Which group of molecules can be a Zwitter ion?
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Amino Acids
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A carbohydrate that has Beta 1-4 linkage
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Glycogen
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List a purine
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Guanine
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A pyrimidine
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Cytosine
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In cells, 1,2 diacylglycerol is ultimately converted into...
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Phospholipid
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In cells, 1,3 diacylglycerol is ultimately converted into...
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Tryglyceride
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Characteristics of Prokaryotes
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70S Ribosomes (30S and 50S subunit)
small cell size no membrane bound organelles circular DNA shape |
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Characteristics of Eukaryotes
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80S Ribosome (40S and 60S subunit)
large cell size membrane bound organelles linear DNA shape |
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Which hormone regulates the kidneys?
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Aldosterone
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Examples of Archaebacteria
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Extreme halophiles
Methanogens Thermophiles |
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Side effects for women who take birth control pills
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Acne
Breast tenderness and enlargement Breakthrough bleeding and spotting between periods Nausea and vomiting Changes in your eyes Bloating Headaches Changes in sex drive (typically a decrease) |
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Membranes are more fluid when...
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Low cholesterol levels
Low packing order Short fatty acid chain Triangular shaped phospholipids Unsaturated |
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Membranes are less fluid when...
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High cholesterol level
High packing order Long fatty acid chain Cylindrical shaped phospholipid Saturated |
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In 1928, Frederick Griffith's experiments with Diplococcocus pneumonia (now called Streptococcus pneumonia) suggested that...
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Heat-killed S bacteria could somehow transform live R bacteria
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What were the observations made by Erwin Chargaff?
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[A]/[T]=1.0 and [G]/[C]=1.0
[C&T]=[A&G] [A]=[T] [G]=[C] |
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DNA isolated from cow liver cells contains 28% Adenine; what percent will be Cytosine?
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22%
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DNA isolated from Aspergillis has an adenine content of 25%. Based on this information, what is the % G & C will have within Aspergillis DNA?
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50%
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What is an INCORRECT statement about the Watson-Crick model of Beta-DNA?
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It has a left-handed helix
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The uptake material by membrane proteins (pumps/translocases) is...
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Facilitated diffusion
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Which molecules would NOT readily cross an intact membrane by simple diffusion?
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Water
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Inactivation of a fluorescent dye in a very concentrated spot on a cell so the fluidity of a membrane is visualized is called...
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Photo-bleaching
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The uptake of material through membrane pores is...
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Simple (nonfacilitated) diffusion
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In order to break open very small cells, such as bacteria or spermatozoa, it would be best to use....
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Nitrogen cavitation
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After cells are broken open, nuclei and unbroken cells an be removed from other organelles by centrifuging the cells at...
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500 to 1000 x g
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After cells are broken open, the mitochondria will lie in a pellet created by centrifugation with what minimum centrifugation force?
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15,000 to 20,000 x g
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The compound light microscope that you use has a 10x ocular (eyepiece) and a 40x objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.50. What is the resolution when you use a green light with a wavelenth of 500nm?
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610nm
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The magnification of the microscope described on the previous card in would be
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400x
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In Light Microscopy, resolution numerically decrease when...
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longer wavelengths of light are used and when a lens with a small numerical aperture is used
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In Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), resolution values,
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decrease as electrons are accelerated to faster velocities
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Lauric acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid are what kind of structures?
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Fatty acids
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Which structure of lauric acid, stearic acid, or oleic acid would most likely be liquid at room temperature?
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Oleic acid
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The COOH group to the left of certain structures is a....
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Carboxyl group
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2.5 mL is equal to...
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2,500 uL and 0.0025 L
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During differential centrifugation, mitochondria will lie in a pellet along with which eukaryotic organelles?
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Peroxisomes, chloroplasts, and lysosomes
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The microsomal pellet can be removed from other organelles by centrifuging the cells at a minimum force of...
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80,000 to 100,000 x g
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The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different...
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side chains (X and R groups)
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Which lipid was originally found in the tissue of alcoholics at autopsy?
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Fatty acid ethyl esters
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Which enzyme down regulates the immune system?
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Cortisol
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T/F: It is perfectly safe for pregnant women to take cholesterol-lowering medication such as statin drugs.
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False
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T/F: Sonic hedgehog is a protein involved in the determination of left-right and anterior-posterior structures in vertebrate embryos.
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True
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T/F: Membranes do not spontaneously self-assemble from phospholipids.
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False
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T/F: Gram-positive bacteria stain blue to purple in the presence of Wright's stain wile gram-negative bacteria remain red to brown in color.
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True
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T/F: Norethindrome, menstranol, and chlormadinone are agonists of estrogen and progesterone.
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True
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Lactose is made up of which two molecules?
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Glucose and Galactose
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In humans, Fragile X syndrome is coded by a dominant gene/allele that lies on the X chromosome. What are the odds of having a child with Fragile X-syndrome when a mother is heterozygous and carries the Fragile X-syndrome gene has a child with a male who does not carry the Fragile X dominant allele?
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50/50 chance
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In humans, an individual who has 45 chromosomes and is XO is what sex?
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Female
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In Drosophila melanogaster, an individual who has 7 chromosome and XO is what sex?
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Male
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During which stage of mitosis is DNA replication observed?
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Interphase
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If the "dance of the chromosomes" during mitosis is correct in humans, how many chromosomes will reside in each of the daughter cells?
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46
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If the "dance of the chromosomes" during meiosis is correct in humans, how many chromosomes will reside in each of the human gametes?
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23
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"Tetrads" are observed during which type of cell division?
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Meiosis
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List the stages of mitosis from earliest to latest
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Interphase
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/Cytokinesis |
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Which stage of meiosis provides the greatest amount of genetic variation?
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Metaphase I
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What is the theory, in Drosophila, in which the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes controls the determination of sex?
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Genic Balance
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Prior to Mendel, geneticists thought that...
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off-spring were always a blending of traits from both parents
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In Mendel's experiments, the pure genetic strains were....
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either homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive AND were created by brother-sister crosses (consanguineous crosses)
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The underlying assumptions of Mendelian Inheritance
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Dominant and recessive traits exist, meiosis exists, and a random recombination of genes during fertilization
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In peas, full pod shape (F) is dominant to constricted pod shape (f) and yellow pod color (Y) is dominant to green pod color (y). What is the genotype of a plant with yellow, constricted pods?
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ffYy
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In peas, full pod shape (F) is dominant to constricted pod shape (f) and yellow pod color (Y) is dominant to green pod color (y). What is the phenotypic ratio of the next generation produced by crossing FfYy x FfYy?
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9/16 full, yellow pods
3/16 full, green pods 3/16 constricted, yellow pods 1/16 constricted, green pods |
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Which disorder is caused by aneuploidy?
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Down's Syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome
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The Principle of Segregation, which is Mendel's first law...
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was designed for monohybrid crosses AND was designed for a pair of genes that have a dominant allele and a recessive allele
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The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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States that traits are coded by genes which lie on chromosomes
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In humans, what are the different types of genotypes for females?
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47, XXX
46, XX 45, XO |
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What is NOT a characteristic of a prokaryotic genome?
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The presence of introns
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In E. coli, a promoter has what?
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A TATA box at -10 base pairs
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During transcription in E. coli...
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RNA Polymerase recognizes and attaches to a TATA box-containing promoter by using sigma
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In E. coli transcription,ρ...
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prevents RNA polymerase from binding to palindromes
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When E. coli are grown in lactose-depleted media...
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gene I codes for a repressor protein that binds to the Lac-operon operator
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When E. coli are grown in lactose-containing media...
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the cells transcribe the genes for Beta-galctosidase, Beta-galactoside permease, and Beta-transacetylase AND a cAMP-CAP complex binds to the promotor and locks RNA polymerase to the transcriptional start site
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In the chick oviduct...
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estrogen-receptor dimers bind to SRE-containing enhancers within the ovalbumen gene AND transcription factors are locked into place within the promotor
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Who proposed the Central Dogma Theory?
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Crick
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What are non-coding sequences that are removed from eukaryotic m-RNA before the transcript leaves the nucleus?
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Introns
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During gametogenesis, what are the species-specific repetitive DNA added to the 3 prime end of eukaryotic chromosomes and are hypothesized as aiding in the replication of ends of the chromosomes and may serve as a biological "clock"?
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Telomeres
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Three post-transcriptional modifications observed before eukaryotic m-RNAs leave the nucleus
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Poly A tail on 3 prime end
m7G on 5 prime end Removal of introns |
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Who conducted the experiment in E. coli that demonstrated that DNA replication is semi-conservative rather than conservative or dispersal in nature?
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Meselson-Stahl
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5 Types of Biomolecules
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Proteins
Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids Vitamins |
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5 Steps of Protein Synthesis
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Activation
Initiation Elongation Termination Folding/Processing |
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A polymer of amino acids (i.e. biomolecule)
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Proteins
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cotranslational or post-translational modification occurs in this step of protein synthesis
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Folding and Processing
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step of protein synthesis in which 30s ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA
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Initiation
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Protein Syntheis step in which amino-acyl tRNA binds the 'A' site
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Elongation
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step in which tRNA f-met binds to the 'P' site
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Initiation
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Present as a 'prosthetic group' in some proteins (i.e. biomolecule)
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Vitamin
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The 'Shine-Dalgarno' sequence is involved in this step of protein synthesis
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Initiation
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RF's bind to stop codons on mRNA at 'A' site
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Termination
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Peptide bond formed during this step of protein synthesis
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Elongation
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Formation of alpha-helix or beta-sheet occurs in this step of protein synthesis
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Folding and Processing
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Protein synthesis step in which tRNAs are charged with their respective amino acids
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Activation
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Step of protein synthesis that involves the hydrolysis of GTP which causes the binding of 50s ribosomal subunit to 30S subunit
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Initiation
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Peptidyl transferase and translocase activities are involved in this step of protein synthesis
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Elongation
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Step of Protein Synthesis where the polypeptide is released from the ribosome
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Termination
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A polymer of nucleotides (i.e. biomolecules)
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Nucleic Acids
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In what direction does the ribosome read the mRNA?
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5'-3'
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If 'I' were in the "wobble" position of a tRNA anticodon, it would most likely be able to base pair with....
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U, C, or A
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What peculiar characteristic would a polypeptide exhibit based on a repeating pattern on its amino acid sequence?
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Kink in the chain
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Constitution of Molecular Biology
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copies of DNA made by replication, DNA by transcription leads to RNA, RNA by translation leads to Proteins, and Proteins back to DNA by Reverse Transcription
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Enzyme that catalyzes Replication
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DNA Polymerase
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Enzyme that catalyzes Transcription
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RNA Polymerase
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Enzyme that catalyzes Translation
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Ribosomes
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Enzyme that catalyzes Reverse Transcription
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Reverse Transcriptase
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Which process is inhibited by streptomycin?
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Translation
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Which process is an amendment to the 'Constitution of Molecular Biology'?
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Reverse Transcription
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Binding of 30S ribosomal subunit to mRNA
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Initiation
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During protein synthesis, peptide chain grows at this site
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P-site
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Protein synthesis step that involves codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA
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Termination
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Step of protein synthesis in which 3' end of tRNA is coupled to an amino acid
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Activation
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This site accepts incoming amino-acyl tRNAs
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A-site
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Supra-macromolecular complex of RNA and protein
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Ribosome
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Formation of an alpha helix or beta sheet
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Folding
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RF's bind to stop codons at the A-site in this step of protein synthesis
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Termination
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tRNA f-met binds at this site
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P-site
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Step of protein synthesis and site where 'spent' tRNA is ejected from the ribosome
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E-site/Elongation
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What type of secondary structure would be the direct result of 'protein folding'?
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Alpha helix
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What type of 'handedness' would be represented by the 2nd degree structure?
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Right-handed
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The 'peptidyl transferase' reaction of the ribosome is due to the catalytic activity of the...
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Ribosomal RNA
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GFP is an example of a....
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Beta can/Beta barrel
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Human mitochondria are capable of their own protein synthesis because they posses what kind of ribosome?
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55S
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Which process is a direct result of the fact that prokaryotes don't have a nucleus?
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Couple transcription/translation
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The statement, "ALL genes code for a protein product", is incorrect. What is an example of a 'non-protein' gene product?
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tRNA
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What is the part of the 'gene' that encodes the amino-terminus to the carboxy-terminus of a protein?
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Cistron
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tRNA f-met binds at this site?
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P-site
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Proteolytic cleavage occurs in which step of protein synthesis
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Folding and Processing
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Protein Synthesis step that reads the successive codons and AA addition
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Elongation
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Examples of post-translational processing
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Deamination
Glycolsylation Formation of disulfide bridges Addition of prosthetic groups |
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Which molecule contains 3 carbon atoms?
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Pyruvate
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Which enzyme would use NAD+ as a 'cofactor'?
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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What does a 'chemoheteroorganotroph' use? (i.e. Big Three nutrients)
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Organic carbon source
Organic compounds as an electron donor Chemical for energy |
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What are characteristics of an 'Anabolic' pathway?
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Energy requiring
Biosynthetic Reductive |
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'Total Aerobic Glycolysis' is responsible for producing how many ATPs?
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8
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What is the mechanism by which ATP is made in 'anaerobic glycolysis'?
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SLP
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In terms of single base-pair, point mutations, what type would account for the changing of the codon 'GAA' to 'GUA' (i.e. the mutation responsible for sickle cell anemia)?
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Missense
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What is a reversible enzyme that is involved in taking high energy phosphate from one molecule and adding it to another?
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Kinase
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Gluconeogenesis is the conversion of pyruvate or lactate to glucose. What is a true statement about this metabolic pathway?
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It consumes ATP
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What are two general features of all fermentation reactions?
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There is not net oxidation and they reduce pyruvate
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in the context of 'Biochemical Merry Men', why are NAD and FAD considered the 'Merry Men'?
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Because they transfer the hydrogens
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List the ten enzymes of glycolysis
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Hexokinase
Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Aldolase Triose phosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate Dehydrogenase Phosphoglyceromutase Phosphoglycerokinase Enolase Pyruvate kinase |
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ATP regulates this enzyme via 'allosteric' regulation
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Phosphofructokinase
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This enzyme is the 'rate-controlling' step of glycolysis
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Phosphofructokinase
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This enzyme splits a 6-C molecule into two 3-C molecules
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Aldolase
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This enzyme catalyzes the only 'oxidation step' in glycolysis
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Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
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This enzyme converts a pyranose (6-membered ring) into a furanose (5-membered ring)
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Phosphoglucoisomerase
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This enzyme adds a phosphate as well as removes electrons from its substrate
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Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
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This enzyme creates the first high energy phosphate metabolite in glycolysis
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Hexokinase
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This enzyme displays the most negative delta G degree prime value, thus guaranteeing the unidirectionality of glycolysis, and is essentially irreversible
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Pyruvate Kinase
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This enzyme performs a substrate level phosphorylation, thus generating ATP (two options)
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Phosphoglyceromutase
Pyruvate Kinase |
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What is delta G degree prime?
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Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic property that was defined in 1876 by Josiah Willard Gibbs to predict whether a process will occur spontaneously at constant temperature and pressure. Gibbs free energy G is defined as G = H - TS where H, T and S are the enthalpy, temperature, and entropy.
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What enzyme exhibits two separate Km's for ATP?
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
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What species of rRNA is found in 30S prokaryotic ribosomal subunit?
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16S
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Definition of SRP
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Signal recognition protein. Hooks up with the translocon and makes sure that the ribosome gets the protein into the ER. SRP is present in everything that has an ER membrane.
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define SRP Receptor
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SRP then binds to this leader sequence and attaches to a receptor that is part of the translocon in the ER membrane. Once the SRP binds to the leader sequence protein synthesis stops. The SRP binds to the receptor and then energy come in and removes the leader sequence from the SRP and the leader sequence moves into the translocon.
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Define Signal (leader) Sequence
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Ribosome attaches to the mRNA and begins to translate the mRNA. The first twenty amino acids are translated and this makes up the leader sequence.
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Define a Leader Peptidase
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an elongation factor that is thought to back-translocate on the ribosome during the translation of RNA to proteins in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes that have maintained functioning mitochondria; Once the ribosome has completed the amino acid and the protein is in the ER membrane the signal peptidase cleaves off the leader sequence.
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define a Translocon
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associated structures in the ribosomal membrane site where the ribosome binds to the ER membrane and shoots the DNA into the ER through the hold that is formed in the membrane by the translocon; The translocon is made up of pore proteins, SRP receptor protein and signal peptidase.
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What is the Pasteur Effect?
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In the presence of air (O2) a facilitative anaerobe will grow faster, consume less glucose, produce more energy and exhale less CO2 when compared to anaerobic conditions.
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Why is the Pasteur Effect considered a paradox?
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This statement is a paradox because the cells grow more yet consume less. The cells are more efficient in the presence of air than they are in anaerobic conditions.
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Which reaction is catalyzed by a dehydrogenase?
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Acetaldehyde --> Ethanol
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Which reaction represents a decarboxylation?
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Pyruvate --> Acetaldehyde
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Which reaction is an example of redox?
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Acetaldehyde --> Ethanol
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Which reaction is an oxidation of a 'coenzyme'?
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Acetaldehyde --> Ethanol
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Which reaction is responsible for the 'leavening' of bread?
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Pyruvate --> Acetaldehyde
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Why is glycolysis considered a catabolic pathway? (3 reasons)
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Catabolic pathways are energy yielding (make ATP), degredative (big to small), oxidative (remove H)
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Why are only 2 ATPs made in 'anaerobic' glycolysis?
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The NADH produced is used to reduce pyruvate
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Why are 6 additional ATPs made via 'aerobic' glycolysis?
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The NADH produced is used by the mitochondria
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Proposed the Chemisomotic Hypothesis
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Peter Mitchell
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Discoverd TCA cycle
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Hans Kreb
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Mitochondrion location which Houses mtDNA
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Matrix
|
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This site of the mitochondria forms the cristae
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Inner Membrane
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Which membrane is permeable to small molecules < 10,000 MW
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Outer Membrane
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Houses the Electron Transport Chain
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Inner Membrane
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Contains/houses the mitochondrial ATPase
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Inner Membrane
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This enzyme catalyzes the first 'ATP synthesis step' of glycolysis
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Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
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'Proton Motive Force' accumulates here
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Intermembrane Space
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Houses the enzymes of the Krebs cycle
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Matrix
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Succinate Dehydrogenase
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Complex II
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Mitochondria location that contains enzymes for Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
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Matrix
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ATP(ase) Synthase (Complex)
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Complex V
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Mitochondrion location which contains Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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Matrix
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Contains mitochondrial ribosomes
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Matrix
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Contains 'porins'
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Outer Membrane
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mitochondrion location that contains Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
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Inner Membrane
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Bacterial periplasm is analogous to this structure
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Intermembrane Space
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Cytocrhome bc1 (Complex)
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Complex III
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NADH Dehydrogenase (Complex)
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Complex I
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Cytochrome Oxidase (Complex)
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Complex IV
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The Krebs cycle can be described in terms of carbon intermediates as "2 + 4 = 6". Name the carbon compounds represented by each number.
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Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate = Citrate
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What are two other names for the Krebs cycle?
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TCA cycle and Citric Acid cycle
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What two mitochondrial processes together compromise "cellular repsiration"?
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ETC and Krebs cycle
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List the ETC components in the order in which they transfer e- from NADH to O2
|
F Lavoprotein (FMN)
Iron Sulfur Protein (FeS) Ubiquinone (Lipid Molecules) Cytochrome b Cytochrome c1 Cytochrome c Cytochrome a Cytocrhome a3 |
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What are the 2 'components' of the proton motive force?
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Electrical gradient and Chemical gradient
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The Krebs cycle generates how many ATPs?
|
24
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List the 9 Steps of prokaryotic DNA replication
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1) Topoisomerase I & II relax the supercoil in the DNA at the ori (origin) site
2) 25 DNA A proteins bind to the 9mers near the ori site; 13mers bind to the 9mers 3) DNA B & C bind together to form the helicase complex 4) the single-strand binding proteins (SSB) attach to the DNA to prevent the DNA from re-coiling 5) Primase (DNA G) uses XTP's to form 10-12 bases of RNA primer in a 5' to 3' direction 6) DNA Polymerase III finishes the DNA fragment 7) DNA Polymerase I & II removes the RNA primer in a 5' to 3' direction, replacing it with the appropriate DNA sequence 8) DNA ligase glues the strands together 9) Topoisomerase I & II re-coil the DNA |
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The production of TWO (2) Acetyl-S-CoA via PDH generates how many ATP?
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6
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