Bio 30 Unit A Module 1 (Part 4)

Front 1

ossicles

Back 1

three tiny bones in the middle ear that are involved with amplifying sound waves

Front 2

outer ear

Back 2

one of the three main regions of the ear, which consists of the pinna and auditory canals and ends at the tympanum or ear drum

Front 3

oval window

Back 3

a membrane-covered opening located between the chamber of the middle ear and the wall of the inner ear The stapes (stirrup) is attached to it and transmits sound waves by it to the inner ear

Front 4

overshoot

Back 4

the situation that results when more potassium ions leak out of the neuron than should because the potassium gates are slow to close; results in hyperpolarization

Front 5

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 5

the division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; often works opposite the sympathetic nervous system to bring the body back to normal

Front 6

perception

Back 6

the interpretation of sensory information by the cerebral cortex

Front 7

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 7

the portion of the nervous system consisting of nerve and ganglia (collections of nerve cell bodies) that are outside the brain and spinal cord

Front 8

photoreceptor

Back 8

a sensory receptor that responds to light stimuli, allowing people to see light and colours

Front 9

pinna

Back 9

the outer flap of the ear that is composed of skin and cartilage and shaped so that it enhances sound vibrations and funnels them into the auditory canal

Front 10

pitch

Back 10

corresponds to the frequency of a sound wave

Front 11

polarization

Back 11

the process of generating arresting membrane potential averaging approximately- 70mV

Front 12

polarized membrane

Back 12

the state of a cell membrane in an unstimulated neuron in which the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the positive outside

Front 13

postsynaptic membrane

Back 13

the surface membrane on the dendrites of a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft; contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters

Front 14

postsynaptic neuron

Back 14

the receiving neuron

Front 15

presynaptic membrane

Back 15

the surface membrane surrounding the synaptic knob and facing the synaptic cleft

Front 16

presynaptic neuron

Back 16

the sending neuron

Front 17

reflex

Back 17

an inborn, unlearned behaviour that results from the stimulation of a special neuron pathway called the reflex arch

Front 18

reflex arch

Back 18

an involuntary neural pathway that consists of a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, a control center that can be either the brain or the spinal cord, a motor neuron, and an effector that results in a reflex behaviour that usually has survival value

Front 19

refract

Back 19

to bend light as it passed through a substance with a different frequency

Front 20

refractory period

Back 20

the short time immediately after an action potential in which the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus

Front 21

replarization

Back 21

restoring the resting membrane potential from the depolarized state

Front 22

retina

Back 22

the innermost layer of the eye that contains the photoreceptors

Front 23

retinal

Back 23

a deprivation of vitamin A that is the result of decomposition of rhodopsin and is instrumental in initiating a nerve impulse

Front 24

rhodopsin

Back 24

a visual pigment found in rod cells that is decomposed by light into opsin and retinal, this initiates a nerve impulse

Front 25

rods

Back 25

one of two types of photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that is sensitive to light intensity and detect movement; does not distinguish colour