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439 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 subdivisions of the Digestive System?
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1. Digestive tract
2. Accessory Organs |
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What is another name for the Digestive Tract?
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Alimentary Canal
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How long is the Alimentary Canal?
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30 feet
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Where does the Alimentary Canal begin and end?
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The alimentary canal begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
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What are the 6 organs of the Alimentary Canal?
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1. Oral cavity
2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine |
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What are the 6 Accessory Organs of the digestive system?
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1. Teeth
2. Tongue 3. Liver 4. Gall bladder 5. Pancreas 6. Salivary glands |
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_______ _______ is technically never "in" the body
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Undigested food is technically never "in" the body
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Where are most digestive organs located?
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In the peritoneal cavity
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What digestive organs are retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneal cavity)?
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1. Duodenum
2. Pancreas 3. Part of large intestine |
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The ____ is the moist serous membrane of the peritoneal cavity
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The peritoneum is the moist serous membrane of the peritoneal cavity
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Parietal Peritoneum
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Out membrane of the peritoneum
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Visceral Peritoneum
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Inner membrane of peritoneum
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Dorsal Mesentary: suspends____ ____ and forms _____ (visceral peritoneum) of ______ and intestines
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Dorsal Mesentary: Suspends GI tract and forms serosa (visceral peritoneum) of stomach and intestines
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Ventral Mesentary: Forms _____ and _____ _____
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Ventral Mesentary: Forms lesser and greater omentum
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What Suspends the GI tract and forms serosa (visceral peritoneum) of stomach and intestines?
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The Dorsal Mesentary
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What forms the lesser and greater omentum?
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The Ventral Mesentary
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The Ventral Mesentary is made up of a lacy layer of _____ _____ that contains _____ _____, ______ ______, and _____ ______
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The Ventral Mesentary is made up of a lacy layer of connective tissue that contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels
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What attaches the stomach to the liver?
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The lesser omentum
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What does the Lesser Omentum do?
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It attaches the stomach to the liver
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What covers the small intestine like an apron?
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The Greater Omentum
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What does the Greater Omentum do?
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Covers the small intestine like an apron
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Mesentary of small intestines holds many _____ ______
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Mesentary of Small Intestine holds many blood vessels
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Mesocolon anchors ____ to posterior ____ _____
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Mesocolon anchors colon to poster body wall
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What are the Digestive Functions?
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1. Ingestion
2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Defication |
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Ingestion
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Selective intake of food
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Digestion
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Breakdown of food unto smaller molecules
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Absorption
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Uptake of nutrients into blood or lymph
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Defecation
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Elimination of undigested material
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What are the 3 Digestive processes?
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1. Motility
2. Secretion 3. Membrane transport |
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Motility
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Muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes & move it along
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Secretion
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Digestive enzymes and hormones
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Membrane Transport
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Absorption of nutrients
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What are the 2 stages of digestion?
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1. Mechanical Digestion
2. Chemical Digestion |
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Mechanical Digestion
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Physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
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Mechanical digestion consists of what two things?
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1. Cutting & Grinding of teeth
2. Churning action of stomach and intestines |
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Chemical Digestion
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Hydrolysis reactions
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Hydrolysis Reactions
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Break molecules into something smaller
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Where are the enzymes found for chemical digestion?
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1. Saliva
2. Stomach 3. Pancreas 4. Intestines 5. Liver |
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What are polysaccharides broken into?
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monosaccharides
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What are proteins broken into?
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Amino Acids
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What are fats broken into?
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Glycerol and Fatty Acids
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What are Nucleic Acids broken into?
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Nucleotides
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What are the 4 features of the Oral Cavity?
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1. Mouth, Oral Cavity or Buccal cavity
2. Cheeks and lips 3. Tongue 4. Hard & Soft Palate |
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Anterior opening of the oral cavity is____
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Oral Orafice
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Posterior opening to the throat is the_____
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Fauces
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What are the 3 purposes of the cheeks and lips?
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1. Keep food between teeth for chewing
2. Essential for speech 3. Suckling in infants |
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Tongue
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Sensitive, muscular manipulator of food
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What 2 things are found on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
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1. Papillae
2. Taste buds |
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lingual glands secrete ____, _____ in root of tongue
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Lingual glands secrete saliva, tonsils in root
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What is the purpose of the hard and soft palate?
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1. Allow breathing & chewing at the same time
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How many teeth do babies have?
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20
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How many teeth do adults between ages 6 and 25 have?
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32
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What are the 5 parts of the tooth?
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1. Periodontal ligament
2. Cementum & Dentin 3. Enamel 4. Root canal 5. Gingeva |
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Periodontal ligament is modified _____
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Periodontal ligament is modified periosteum
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Where is the Periodontal Ligament?
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Anchors into bone
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Cementum and Dentin are _____ tissue
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Cementum and Dentin are living tissue
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_____ is noncellular secretion formed during development. Covers crown and neck of tooth.
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Enamel is noncellular secretion formed during development. Covers crown and neck of tooth.
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Enamel
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Noncellular secretion formed during development
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Root Canal leads into ____ cavity
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Root Canal leads into pulp cavity
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What is the root canal made up of?
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nerves and blood vessels
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Gingeva
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Gums
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Which would be considered periodontal tissue?
A. Dentin B. Cementum C. Pulp Cavity D. Gingiva E. Root Canal |
Gingiva
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What are the 7 functions of the mouth?
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1. Ingestion
2. Taste 3. Mastication 4. Begins chemical digestion of starch 5. Deglutition 6. Speech 7. Respiration |
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Mastication
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Chewing
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What is the function of mastication?
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Breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed
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Mastication mixes food more easily with digestive_____ because of _____ ______ _____
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Mastication mixes food more easily with digestive enzymes because of increased surface area
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How much saliva do people make every day?
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1-1.5 L
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Saliva is a _____ solution
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Saliva is a hypotonic solution
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Salive is 99.5% _____ & _____
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Saliva is 99.5% water and solutes
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______ begins starch digestion
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Amylase
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What does Amylase do?
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It begins starch digestion
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_____ ______ digests fat after reaches the stomach
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Lingual Lipase digests fat after reaches the stomach
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Amylase must be activated by ____
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HCL
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Mucus aids in _____ by lubricating & binding food
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Mucus aids in swallowing by lubricating & binding food
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What does mucus do?
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Aids in swallowing by lubricating & binding food
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Lysozyme
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Enzyme that kills bacteria
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IgA
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Antibodies to inhibit bacterial growth
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What electrolytes are found in saliva?
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Sodium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate & bicarbonate
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What are the 6 solutes found in saliva?
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1. Amylase
2. Lingual lipase 3. Mucus 4. Lysozyme 5. IgA 6. Electrolytes |
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What is the pH of saliva?
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6.8-7.0
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What are the 6 functions of saliva?
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1. Moistens mouth
2. Partially digests food through salivary amylase 3. Inhibits bacterial growht w/ lysozyme & IgA 4. Dissolves molecules to stimulate taste buds 5. Moistens foods 6. Aids swallowing by binding food together into bolus |
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Bolus
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Made from binding foods together with saliva
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What are 3 Intrinsic Salivary Glands?
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1. Buccal-cheeks
2. Labial-lips 3. Lingual-Tongue |
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Intrinsic Salivary Glands secrete _____ & at a _____ ____
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Intrinsic Salivary Glands secrete continuously and at a constant rate
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What does lysozyme, from the Intrinsic Salivary glands do?
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Control bacteria that lives in mouth or is airborn
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What is found in saliva but inactive until it reaches the stomach?
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Lingual Lipase
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What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic glands connected to the oral cavity by ducts?
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1. Parotid
2. Submandibular 3. Sublingual |
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Mucous glands secrete ____
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Mucous glands secrete mucus
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Serous glands secrete ____ & _____
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Serous glands secrete amylase & electrolytes
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When are amylase and electrolytes primarily at work?
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While eating
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What is another name for the pharynx?
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Throat
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What is the pharynx made of?
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Skeletal muscle
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What are the purposes of the superior, middle & inferior constrictors of the pharynx?
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-Force food downward while swallowing
-Inferior constrictor remains constricted when food is NOT being swallowed -Excludes air from the esophagus->sends to trachea |
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_____ constrictor remains constricted when food is NOT being swallowed
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Inferior constrictor remains constricted when food is NOT being swallowed
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What are the 4 Tissue layers of the GI Tract?
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1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Adventia |
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What tissues is the mucosa layer of the GI tract made of?
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1. Epithelium
2. Lamina propria-loose connective tissue 3. Muscularis Mucosae-this layer of smooth muscle |
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What tissue is lamina propria made of?
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Loose connective tissue
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What tissue is Muscularis mucosae made up of?
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Thin layer of smooth muscle
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Where is the esophagus located?
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Dorsal to trachea
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What is the esophagus?
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Straight muscular tube
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How long is the esophagus?
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25-30cm long
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What is the esophagus made of?
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skeletal muscle in upper and smooth muscle in lower
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Where does the esophagus begin and end?
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Begins at the pharynx and ends at cardiac region of stomach
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The esophagus runs through the _____ of the thoracic cavity
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The esophagus runs through the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity
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The esophagus passes through the ____ _____ in the diaphragm?
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The esophageal hiatus
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What is the opening in the diaphragm?
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The esophageal hiatus
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Lower esophageal sphincter closes orifice to _____
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Lower esophageal sphincter closes orifice to reflux
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Where does the esophagus enter the stomach?
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The cardiac oriface
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Deglutition
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Swallowing
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Swallowing is a series of muscular contractions coordinated by swallowing center in _____ & _____
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Swallowing is a series of muscular contractions coordinated by swallowing center in medulla & pons
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What is the phase where the tongue collects food and pushes it back into the oropharynx?
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Buccal phase
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Buccal Phase
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The phase where the tongue collects food and pushes it back into the oropharynx
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In the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing the ____ ____ rises & blocks _____
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In the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing the soft palate rises & blocks nasopharynx
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In the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing, the ____ ____ lift larynx & _____ is folded back
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In the pharyngeal-esophageal phase, the infrahyoid muscles lift larynx & epiglottis is folded back
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Pharyngeal ____ push bolus down esophagus
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Pharyngeal constrictors push bolus down esophagus
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After the pharyngeal constrictors push bolus down the esophagus, liquids reach the stomach in ___ seconds and foods reach the stomach in ____ seconds
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After the pharyngeal constrictors push blus down esophagus, liquids reach the stomach in 2 seconds and foods reach the stomach in 8 seconds
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True or False. Fat digestion begins in the mouth.
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False
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Stomach
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Muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity
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The stomach is ____ the diaphragm
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The stomach is below the diaphragm
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The stomach is ____ml when empty
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The stomach is 50 ml when empty
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How much food is in the stomach after an average meal?
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1-1.5 L
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How much food can the stomach hold?
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4 L
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When extremely full, the stomach will extend into the ____
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When extremely full, the stomach will extend into the pelvis
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The stomach ____ breaks up food particles
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The stomach mechanically breaks up food particles
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The stomach _____ the food
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The stomach liquifies the food
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The resulting soupy mixture when the stomach liquifies food
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chyme
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The stomach begins ____ digestion of protein & fat
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The stomach begins chemical digestion of protein & fat
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Stomach does not absorb any significant amount of ____
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Stomach does not absorb any significant amount of nutrients
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The stomach does absorb ____ & some _____-soluble drugs
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The stomach does absorb aspirin & some lipid-soluble drugs
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All blood drained from the stomach is filtered through the ____ before returning to the heart
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All blood drained from the stomach is filtered through the liver before returning to the heart
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The cardiac region of the stomach is just inside _____ ______
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The cardiac region of the stomach is just inside cardiac orifice
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The fundis of the stomach is a domed portion of the stomach superior to the _____ _____
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The fundis of the stomach is a domed portion of the stomach superior to the esophageal opening
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The body of the stomach is the ____ portion of the stomach
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The body of the stomach is the main portion of the stomach
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What is another name for the body of the stomach?
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Gastric Region
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The narrow inferior end of the stomach is the ____ region
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The narrow inferior end of the stomach is the pyloric region
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What is another name for the antrum in the pyloric region of the stomach?
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Funnel
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Where is the antrum located?
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In the pyloric region of the stomach
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The pyloric canal terminates at ____
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The pyloric canal terminates at pyloris
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_____ is the opening to duodenum
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Pyloris is the opening to duodenum
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Thick ring of smooth muscle in the pyloris forms a _____ _____
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Thick ring of smoot muscle in the pyloris forms a pyloric sphincter
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Mucosa is ____ ____ ____ epithelium
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Mucosa is simple columnar grandular epithelium
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____ _____ is filled with tubular glands (gastric pits)
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Lamina propria is filled with tubular glands (gastric pits)
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What are the 3 layers of the muscularis externa?
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1. outer longitudinal
2. middle circular 3. inner oblique layers |
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____ cells produces mucus
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mucous cells produce mucus
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_____ cells divide rapidly to produce new cells that migrate upwards toward surface
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Regenerative cells divide rapidly to produce new cells that migrate upwards toward surface
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_____ cells secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor
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Parietal cells secrete HCl acid and intrinsic factor
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____ cells secrete chymosin & lipase in infancy; secrete pepsinogen throughout life
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Chief cells secrete chymosin & lipase in infancy; secrete pepsinogen throughout life
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_____ cells secrete hormones & paracrine messengers
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Enteroendocrine (G) cells secrete hormones & paracrine messengers
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____ L of gastric juices secreted per day
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2-3 L of gastric juices secreted per day
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Gastric juices are mostly ____, ____ & _____
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Gastric juices are mostly H2O, HCl & pepsin
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_____ is stomach acid with pH as low as 0.8
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HCl is stomach acid with pH as low as 0.8
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____ activates enzymes-pepsin & lingual lipase
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HCl activates enzymes-pepsin & lingual lipase
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____ breaks up connective tissues & plant cell walls
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HCl breaks up connective tissues & plant cell walls
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_____ liquifies food to form chyme
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HCl liquifies food to form chyme
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____ converts iron to usable forms
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HCl converts iron to usable forms
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Ingested ferric ions (____) turn to ferrous ions (____) that can be absorbed into blood & utilized for hemoglobin synthesis
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Ingested ferric ions (unusable iron) turn to ferrous ions (usable iron) that can be absorbed into blood & utilized for hemoglobin synthesis
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_____ destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens
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HCl destroys ingested bacteria and pathogens
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____ partially digests protein
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Pepsin partially digests proteins
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____ is first secreted by chief cells as pepsinogen
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pepsin is first secreted by chief cells as pepsinogen
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____ is a zymogen
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pepsinogen is a zymogen
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____ are inactive proteins that must have some amino acids removed in order to convert to the active form
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zymogens are inactive proteins that must have some amino acids removed in order to convert to the active form
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____ ____ from pepsinogen are removed by HCl
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Amino acids from pepsinogen are removed by HCl
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Pepsinogen + HCl ->_____
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Pepsinogen + HCl-> pepsin
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_____ process: Since peptin digests protein, once activated it can act upon pepsinogen to produce more peptin
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Autocatalystic process: since pepsin digests proteins, once activated it can act upon pepsinogen to produce more pepsin
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____ is secreted by parietal cells
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Intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells
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____ is essential for absorption of B12 by small intestine
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Intrinsic Factor is essential for absorption of B12 by small intestine
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____ is essential for RBC production
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Intrinsic Factor is essential for RBC production
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Deficiency of ____ results in pernicious anemia
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Deficiency of Intrinsic Factor results in pernicious anemia
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_____ digests butterfat of milk in infant
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Gastric lipase digests butterfat of milk in infant
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_____ curdles milke by coagulating its proteins
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Chymosin curdles milk by coagulating its proteins
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How many chemical messengers are there?
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20+
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____ stimulates HCl and enzyme secretions
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Gastrin stimulates HCl and enzyme secretions
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____ stimulates intestinal motility
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Gastrin stimulates intestinal motility
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_____ relaxes iliocecal valve
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Gastrin relaxes iliosecal valve
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____ stimulates gastric motility
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Seratonin stimulates gastric motility
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_____ stimulates HCl secretion
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Histamine stimulates HCl secretion
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_____ inhibits gastric secretions and motility
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Somatostatin inhibits gastric secretions and motility
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_____ inhibits pancreatic and gall bladder secretions
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Somatostatin inhibits pancreatic and gall bladder secretions
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1st step in gastic motility
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swallow
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2nd step in gastric motility
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swallowing center sends impulses to the stomach
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3rd step in gastric motility
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Stomach relaxes
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4th step in gastric motility
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Food arrives
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5th Step in gastric motility
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Food arriving activates a receptive-relaxation response in the stomach
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6th step in gastric motility
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Peristaltic contractions
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_____ response resists stretching briefly, but relaxes to hold more food
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Receptive-relaxation response resists stretching briefly, but relaxes to hold more food
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_____ are controlled by pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer of muscularis externa
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Peristaltic contractions are controlled by pacemaker cells in longitudinal muscle layer of muscularis externa
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____ are gentle ripple of contraction every 20 seconds that churns & mixes food with gastric juice
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Peristaltic contractions are gentle ripple of contraction every 20 seconds that churns & mixes food with gastric juice
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____ are stronger as they reach pyloric region of the stomach, squirting 3 mL of chyme to small intestine
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Peristaltic contractions get stronger as they reach the pyloric region of the stomach squirting out 3 mL of chyme to small intestine
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3 mL of ____ enters the duodenum of the small intestine at one time
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3 mL of chyme enters the duodenum of the small intestine at one time
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Typical meal is emptied from the stomach in ___ hours
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Typical meal is emptied from the stomach in 4 hours
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A meal high in fat leaves the stomach in about ____ hours
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A meal high in fat leaves the stomach in about 6 hours
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____ is induced by excessive stretching of the stomach
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Vomiting is induced by excessive stretching of the stomach
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____ is induced by psychological stimuli
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Vomiting is induced by psychological stimuli
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____ is induced by chemical irritants (bacterial toxins)
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Vomiting is induced by chemical irritants (bacterial toxins)
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____ center in the medulla causes lower esophageal sphincter to relax as diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract
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Emetic center in medulla causes lower esophageal sphincter to relax as diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract
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When the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes & diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract contents are forced ______ the esophagus
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When the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes & diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract contents are forced up the esophagus
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When the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes & diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract some contents from the _____ might be expelled
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When the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes & diaphragm & abdominal muscles contract some contents from the small intestine might be expelled
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_____ is the alkaline protection of the stomach
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Mucus is the alkaline protection of the stomach
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Epithelial cell _____ is one way of protecting the stomach
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Epithelial cell replacement is one way of protecting the stomach
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Cells of the stomach live just ___ to ___ days
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Cells of the stomach live just 3 to 6 days
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_____ prevents gastric juices from seeping between epithelial cells where they would start digesting abdominal walls
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Tight junction prevents gastric juices from seeping between epithelial cells where they would start digesting abdominal walls
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In Peptic Ulcers, ____ and ____ erode stomach wall
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In Peptic Ulcers, HCl and pepsin erode stomach wall
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Besides the stomach, where can you get Peptic Ulcers?
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The duodenum and esophagus
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_____ are sometimes caused by smoking and aspirin
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Peptic Ulcers are sometimes caused by smoking and aspirin
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How do you treat Peptic Ulcers?
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Reduce acidity
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____ is acid-resistant bacterium that invades the mucosa
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Helicobactor pylori
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How do you treat Helicobactor pylori?
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With antibodies
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What is phase one of the Regulation of Gastric Function called?
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Cephalic Phase
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Stomach is being controlled by the brain during ____ phase
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Stomach is being controlled by the brain during the Cephalic Phase
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Sight, smell, taste or thought of food stimulates the ____ phase of the Regulation of Gastric Function
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Sight, smell, taste, or thought of food stimulated the Cephalic phase of the Regulation of Gastric function
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The Hypothalamus sends signal to the medulla during the ____ phase of regulation of gastric function
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The hypothalamus send signal to medulla during the cephalic phase of regulation of gastric function
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Vagus nerves stimulates enteric nervous system of the stomach during the _____ phase of regulation of gastric function
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The vagus nerves stimulates enteric nervous system of the stomach during the cephalic phase of regulation of gastric function
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The medulla signals vagus nerves during the ____phase of regulation of gastric function
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The medulla signals vagus nerves during the cephalic phase of regulation of gastric function
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The enteric nerves stimulate gastric secretions prior to swallowing during the _____ phase of regulation of gastric function
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The enteric nerves stimulate gastric secretions prior to swallowing during the cephalic phase of regulation of gastric function
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What is the name of the 2nd phase of the regulation of gastric function?
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Gastric Phase
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The stomach controls itself during ____ phase of the regulation of gastric function
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The stomach controls itself during gastric phase of the regulation of gastric function
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The stomach stretches as food arrives during the ____phase of the regulation of gastric function
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The stomach stretches as food arrives during the gastric phase of the regulation of gastric function
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The stomach is activated by presence of food or semi-digested protein during the _____ phase of the regulation of gastric function
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The stomach is activated by presence of food or semi-digested protein during the gastric phase of the regulation of gastric function
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Secretions are stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine & gastrin during the _____ phase of the regulation of gastric function
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Secretions are stimulated by acetylcholine, histamine & gastrin during the gastric phase of the regulation of gastric function
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What is the name of the 3rd phase of the regulation of gastric function?
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Intestinal phase
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The duodenum regulates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes during the ____ phase of the regulation of gastric function
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The duodenum regulates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes during the intestinal phase of the regulation of gastric function
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Gastric activity increases if duodenum is stretched or amino acids in chyme cause gastrin release during the ____ phase of the regulation of gastric function
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Gastric activity increases if duodenum is stretched or amino acids in chyme cause gastrin release during the intestinal phase of the regulation of gastric function
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Chyme stimulates duodenal cells to release secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide during ____phase of regulation of gastric function
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Chyme stimulates the duodenal cells to release secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide during intestinal phase of regulation of gastric function
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____ stimulates duodenal cells to release secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide
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Chyme stimulates duodenum to release secreting, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide
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Secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide suppress gastric ____ & _____
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Secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide suppress gastric secretion & motility
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The liver is located _____ to the diaphragm
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The liver is located inferior to the diaphragm
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The ____ is remnant of umbilical vein
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The round ligament is remnant of umbilical vein
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The gall bladder adheres to the _____ surface of the liver
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The gall bladder adheres to the ventral surface of the liver
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What are the tiny cylinders on the liver called?
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Hepatic lobules
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____ vein of the liver is surrounded by sheets of hepatocyte cells separated by sinusoids lined with fenestrated epithelium
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Central vein of the liver is surrounded by sheets of hepatocyte cells separated by sinusoids lined with fenestrated epithelium
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Blood of the liver is filtered by _____ on way to central vein
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Blood of the liver is filtrated by hepatocytes on way to central vein
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In the liver, what are the 3 structures (all together) called that are found in the corner between lobules?
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Hepatic triad
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_____ & _____ bring blood to the liver
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Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery bring blood to the liver
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_____ collects bile from bile canaliculi between sheets of hepatocytes to be secreted from liver in hepatic ducts
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Bile duct collects bile from bile canaliculi between sheets of hepatocytes to be secreted from liver in hepatic ducts
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_____ filters blood by removing glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, hormones, toxins, bile pigments and drugs
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The Liver filters blood by removing glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs
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____ secretes albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen and other proteins into the blood
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The liver secretes albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other proteins into the blood
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_____ breaks down stored glycogen
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The liver breaks down stored glycogen
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_____ produces and secretes bile
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The liver produces and secretes bile
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Bile is secreted into ____ _____
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Bile is secreted into bile canaliculi
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Bile ducts empty into right & left _____ joined outside the liver
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Bile ducts empty into right & left hepatic ducts joined outside the liver
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When the bile ductules join outside the liver, they form the ____
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When the bile ductules join outside the liver, they form the common hepatic duct
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The common hepatic ducts merges with the _____
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The common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct
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When the common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct, it forms the _____
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When the common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct, it forms the common bile duct
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The common bile duct joins the ____
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The common bile duct joins the pancreatic bile duct
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When the common bile duct joins the pancreatic bile duct, this forms ____
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When the common bile duct joins the pancreatic bile duct, this forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla
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The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum at the _____ ______ _______
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The hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
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The _______ _______ regulates release of bile
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hepatopancreatic sphincter regulates release of bile
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_____ is the sac underside of liver
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The gallbladder is the sac underside of liver
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The gallbladder is ____ cm long
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The gallbladder is 10 cm long
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The primary purpose of the _____ is to store bile
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The primary purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile
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_____ releases bile in response to lipids in the duodenum
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Gallbladder releases bile in response to lipids in the duodenum
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The ____ concentrate bile
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The gallbladder concentrates bile
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Bile backs up into the ____ from a filled bile duct
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Bile backs up into the gallbladder from a filled bile duct
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Between meals ____ is concentrated by factor of 20
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Between meals bile is concentrated by factor of 20
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Concentrated bile absorbs _____ & _____
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Concentrated bile absorbs water & electrolytes
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_____ is a yellow-green fluid secreted by the liver
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Bile is a yellow-green fluid secreted by the liver
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____ L of bile is secreted daily
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0.51 L of bile is secreted daily
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Bile serves in the digestion of ____
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Bile serves in the digestion of fat
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_____ contains minerals, bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments & phospholipids
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Bile contains minerals, bile acids, cholesterol, bile pigments, & phospholipids
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_____ is the main pigment from hemoglobin breakdown
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Bilirubin is the main pigment from hemoglobin breakdown
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____ is metabolized by intestinal bacteria
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Bilirubin is metabolized by intestinal bacteria
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When bilirubin is metabolized by intestinal bacteria it becomes ____
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When bilirubin is metabolized by intestinal bacteria it becomes urobilirubin
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_____ is the brown color of feces
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urobilirubin is the brown color of feces
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_____ (Salts) emulsify fats
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bile acids (salts) emulsify fats
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____ are synthesized from cholesterol
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Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol
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Most _____ are reabsorbed in the small intestine & recycled
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Most bile acids are reabsorbed in the small intestine and recycled
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Some _____ are modified in the large intestine
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Some bile acids are modified in the large intestine
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_____ become promoters of colon cancer
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Bile acids become promoters of colon cancer
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Less fat in the diet=less ____ release
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Less fat in the diet=less bile release
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The typical western diet has ___ fat & _____ fiber content
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The typical western diet has high fat & low fiber content
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The typical western diet is associated with higher incidence of _____
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The typical western diet is associated with higher incidence of colon cancer
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Countries with low fat and high fiber diets have ____ incidence of colon cancer
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Countries with low fat and high fiber diets have less incidence of colon cancer
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High incidence of ____ in US, Germany, Austria, and Sweden
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High incidence of colon cancer in US, Germany, Austria, and Sweden
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Fiber binds ____
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Fiber binds bile acids
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When fiber binds bile acids _____ fat is absorbed
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When fiber binds bile acids less fat is absorbed
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When fiber binds bile acids, bile acids are unavailable in the _____ for modification
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When fiber binds bile acids, bile acids are unavailable in the large intestines for modification
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Low colon cancer rate in _____ despite a high fat diet because they eat lots of brown bread
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Low colon cancer rate in Finland despite a high fat diet because they eat lots of brown bread
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Bileary Calculi
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Gall stones
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____ are composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin
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Gall stones are composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin
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Gall stones are up to ___ cm in diameter
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Gall stones are up to 1 cm in diameter
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____ block bile flow
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Gall stones block bile flow
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_____ cause jaundice because bile builds up in the liver
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Gall stones cause jaundice because bile builds up in the liver
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_____ often cause poor fat digestion and therefore vitamin digestion
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Gall stones often cause poor fat digestion and therefore vitamin digestion
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_____ impair fat-soluble vitamin absorption
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Gall stones impair fat-soluble vitamin absorption
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Gall stones can be treated by surgery, ______, and lithotripsy
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Gall stones can be treated by surgery, bile-dissolving drugs, and lithotripsy
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A _____ is a tube in bile duct that increases diameter thus allowing small stones to pass
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A stent is a tube in bile duct that increases diameter thus allowing small stones to pass
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The _____ is a retroperitoneal gland posterior to the stomach
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The pancreas is a retroperitoneal gland posterior to the stomach
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The _____ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
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The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
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The _____ secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
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The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
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The pancreas secretes _____mL of pancreatic juice per day into duodenum
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The pancreas secretes 1500mL of pancreatic juice per day into duodenum
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_____ contains water, enzymes, zymogens, electrolytes and sodium bicarbonate
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Pancreatic juice contains water, enzymes, zymogens, electrolytes and sodium bicarbonate
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____ are inactive until converted by other enzymes
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zymogens are inactive until converted by other enzymes
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Besides zymogens, other _____ are activated by exposure to bile and ions in the intestine
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Besides zymogens, other enzymes are activated by exposure to bile and ions in the intestine
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The _____ duct runs length of gland to open at hepatopancreatic sphincter
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The pancreatic duct runs length of gland to open at hepatopancreatic sphincter
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The _____ opens independently on duodenum
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The accessory duct opens independently on duodenum
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______ break down proteins
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Zymogens break down proteins
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protoeases
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Break down of proteins
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______ breaks down trypsinogen into trypsin
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Zymogen breaks down trypsinogen into trypsin
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____ break down chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin
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Zymogens break down chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypisin
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Pancreatic _____ digests starch
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Pancreatic amylase digests starch
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Pancreatic ____ digests lipids
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Pancreatic lipase digests lipids
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______ digests RNA
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Ribonuclease digests RNA
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____ digests DNA
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Deoxiribonuclease digests DNA
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Amylase, lipase, ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease are enzymes found where?
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The pancreas
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Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by ______ epithelium
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Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by intestinal epithelium
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_____ digests dietary protein
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Trypsin digest dietary protein
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______ is released from duodenum in response to arrival of acid and fat
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Cholecytokinin is released from duodenum in response to arrival of acid and fat
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______ causes contraction of gallbladder
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Cholecytokinin causes contraction of the gallbladder
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______ secretes pancreatic enzymes
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Cholecytokinin secretes pancreatic enzymes
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_____ relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter
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Cholecytokinin secretes pancreatic enzymes
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_____ is released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme
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Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme
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_____ stimulates all ducts to secrete sodium bicarbonate
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Secretin stimulates all ducts to secrete sodium bicarbonate
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_____ is secreted from stomach and duodenum
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Gastrin is secreted from stomach and duodenum
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_____ weakly stimulates gallbladder contraction
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Gastrin weakly stimulates gallbladder contraction
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Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the _____
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Most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine
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The small intestine is ____m long in cadaver
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The small intestine is 6-7 m long in cadaver
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The _____ is highly folded
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The small intestine is highly folded
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Villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the _____ intestine
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Villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine
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The ____ curves around head of pancreas
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The duodenum curves around head of pancreas
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The _____ is retroperitoneal along with pancreas (abt 10 in)
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The duodenum is retroperitoneal along with pancrease (abt 10 in)
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The _____ receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice & bile
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The duodenum receives stomach contents, pancreatic juice & bile
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The _____ of the small intestine neutralizes stomach acids
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The duodenum neutralizes stomach acids
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The _____ emulsifies fats
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The duodenum emulsifies fats
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The _____ inactivates pepsin by pH increase
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The duodenum inactivates pepsin by pH increase
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Pancreatic enzymes are present in the ____ of the small intestine
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Pancreatic enzymes are present in the duodenum
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The _____ is 8 feet of the small intestine and absorbs nutrients
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The jejunum is 8 feet of the small intestine and absorbs nutrients
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The _____ is 12 ft of small intestine and ends at ileocecal junction with large intestine
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The ileum is 12 ft of small intestine and ends at ileocecal junction with large intestine
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_____ folds are found in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
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Circular folds are found in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
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The ____ of the small intestines allow chyme to flow in spiral path causing more contact
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The circular folds of the small intestines allow chyme to flow in spiral path causing more contact
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The _____ folds of the small intestine slows chyme for maximum digestion and absorption
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The circular folds of the small intestine slow chyme for maximum digestion and absorption
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_____ are fingerlike projections
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villi are fingerlike projections
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Villi are ___mm tall
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Villi are 1 mm tall
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_____ contain blood vessels & lymphatics (lacteal)
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Villi contain blood vessels & lymphatics (lacteal)
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Microvilli are ___ micron tall
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microvilli are 1 micron tall
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____ form the brush border on cells
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microvilli form the brush border on cells
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_____ are the brush border enzymes for final stages of digestion
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Microvilli are the brush border enzymes for final stages of digestion
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Pores opening between villi lead to _____
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Pores opening between villi lead to intestinal crypts
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____ have absorptive cells, goblet cells & at base, rapidly dividing cells
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Intestinal crypts have absorptive cells, goblet cells, & at base, rapidly dividing cells
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Intestinal _____ cells have a life span of 3-6 days as they migrate up to surface & get sloughed off and digested
|
Intestinal crypt cells have a lifespan of 3-6 days as they migrate up to surface & get sloughed off & digested
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____ cells are found in the intestinal crypts but their function is unknown
|
Paneth cells are found in the intestinal crypts but their function is unknown
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_____ in submucosa secrete bicarbonate mucus
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Brunner's glands in submucosa secrete bicarbonate mucus
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_____ are populations of lymphocytes to fight pathogens
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Peyer patches are populations of lymphocytes to fight pathogens
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_____ secrete 1-2 L of intestinal juice/day
|
Intestinal crypts secrete 1-2 L of intestinal juice/day
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The intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts contains ____ & _____
|
The intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts contains water & mucus
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The pH of intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts is between ____
|
The pH of intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts is between 7.4-7.8
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______ mixes chyme with intestinal juice, bile & pancreatic juice
|
Intestinal motility mixes chyme with intestinal juice, bile & pancreatic juice
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_____ motility churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa for absorption & digestion
|
Intestinal motility churns chyme to increase contact with mucosa for absorption & digestion
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_____ moves residue towards large intestine
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Intestinal motility moves residue towards large intestine
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_____ is when random ringlike constrictions mix & churn contents
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Segmentation is when random ringlike constriction mix & church contents
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_____ happens 12 times per minute in the duodenum
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Segmentation happens 12 times per minutes in the duodenum
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_____ begin in duodenum but each one moves further down
|
peristaltic waves begin in the duodenum but each one moves further down
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______ are suppressed by refilling of the stomach
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Peristaltic waves are suppressed by refilling of the stomach
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Food in stomach causes ______ reflex
|
Food in stomach causes gastroileal reflex
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_____ is the relaxing of valve and filling of cecum
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Gastroileal reflex is the relaxing of the valve and filling of the cecum
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_____ is the gradual movement of contents towards the colon
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Peristalsis is the gradual movement of contents towards the colon
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______ is the migrating motor complex which is controlling the waves of contraction
|
Peristalsis is the migrating motor complex which is controlling the waves of contraction
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Second wave in peristalsis begins _____ to where first wave began
|
Second wave in peristalsis begins distal to where first wave began
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______ stops working in 4.5 pH acidic stomach
|
Salivary amylase stops working in 4.5 pH acidic stomach
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____% of dietary starch is digested before it reaches small intestine
|
50% of dietary starch is digested before it reaches the small intestine
|
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Pancreatic amylase completes first step of _______ digestion within 10 minutes
|
Pancreatic amylase completes the first step of carbohydrate digestion within 10 minutes
|
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_____ _____ enzymes act upon oligosacharides
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Brush border enzymes act upon oligosacharides
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Maltose, sucrose, lactose, and fructose are _____
|
Maltose, sucrose, lactose, and fructose are oligosacharides
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_____ indigestible after age 4 in most humans
|
Lactose indigestible afrer age 4 in most humans
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Lactose indigestible due to lack of _____
|
Lactose indigestible due to lack of lactase
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______ in membrane help absorb glucose and galactose
|
Sodium-glucose transport proteins in membrane help absorb glucose and galactose
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Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion then converted to _____ inside the cell
|
Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion then converted to glucose inside the cell
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Pepsin has optimal pH of ____
|
Pepsin has optimal pH of 1.5 to 3.5
|
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_____ is inactivated when it passes into duodenum and mixes with alkaline pancreatic juice (pH 8)
|
Pepsin is inactivated when it passes into duodenum and mixes with alkaline pancreatic juice (pH 8)
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_____ enzymes take over protein digestions when pepsin is inactivated
|
Pancreatic enzymes take over protein digestion when pepsin is inactivated
|
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_____ enzymes finish protein digestion and absorption, producing amino acids that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells
|
Brush border enzymes finish protein digestion, producing amino acids that are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells
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In protein digestion/absorption, _____ cotransporters move into epithelial cells
|
In protein digestion/absorption, amino acid cotransporters move into epithelial cells
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In protein digestion/absorption, _____ moves amino acids out into the blood stream
|
In protein digestion/absorption, facilitated diffusion moves amino acids out into blood stream
|
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______ hydrolyze DNA & RNA to nucleotides
|
Nucleases hydrolyze DNA & RNA to nucleotides
|
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_______ split nucleotides into phosphate ions, ribose or deoxyribose sugar & nitrogenous bases
|
Brush border enzymes split nucleotides into phosphate ions, ribose or deoxyribose sugar & nitrogenous bases
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_____ are absorbed unchanged
|
Vitamins are absorbed unchanged
|
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Vitamins A,D,E & K are absorbed with other _____
|
Vitamins A, B, E & K are absorbed with other lipids
|
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Vitamins B complex and C are absorbed by the process of _____ diffusion
|
Vitamins B complex & C are absorbed by the process of simple diffusion
|
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Vitamin B12 is absorbed if bound to ______
|
Vitamin B12 is absorbed if bound to intrinsic factor
|
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Minerals are absorbed all along the _____ intestine
|
Minerals are absorbed all along the small intestine
|
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Na+ is cotransported with _____ & _____
|
Na+ is cotransported with sugars & amino acids
|
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Cl- is exchanged for ______
|
Cl- is exchanged for bicarbonate reversing stomach
|
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Iron and calcium are absorbed as _____
|
Iron and calcium are absorbed as needed
|
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Digestive tract receives about ___ L of water/day
|
Digestive tract receives about 9 L of water/day
|
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Digestive tract receives most of its water from _____
|
Digestive tract receives most of its water from secretions
|
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|
____ L of water is absorbed by the small intestine & ____ L by the large intestine each day
|
8 L of water is absorbed by the small intestine & 0.8 L by the large intestine each day
|
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|
Water is absorbed into the digestive tract by _______ following the absorption of salts & organic nutrients
|
Water is absorbed into the digestive tract by osmosis following the absorption of salts & organic nutrients
|
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|
______ occurs when too little water is absorbed into the body
|
Diarrhea occurs when too little water is absorbed into the body
|
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Feces pass through too quickly if ______
|
Feces pass through too quickly if irritated
|
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|
Feces in diarrhea contains high concentration of a _____ (lactose)
|
Feces in diarrhea contains high concentration of a solute (lactose)
|
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The large intestine is ___ ft long and ___ inches in diameter in cadaver
|
The large intestine is 5 feet long and 2.5 inches in diameter in cadaver
|
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|
The large intestine is call large because of the ___
|
The large intestine is called large because of the diameter
|
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_____ are pouches due to strips of longitudinal muscle in the large intestine
|
Haustra are pouches due to strips of longitudinal muscle in the large intestine
|
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The large intestine begins at ____ & ____
|
The large intestine begins at the cecum & appendix
|
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_____ colon leads down into the pelvis
|
Sigmoid colon leads down unto the pelvis
|
|
|
The _____ has 3 folds/valves
|
The rectum has 3 folds/valves
|
|
|
What do the 3 fold/valves in the rectum do?
|
The allow retention of feces while passing gas
|
|
|
The anal canal is ____ cm and leads to the _____
|
The anal canal is 3 cm and leads to the anus
|
|
|
The _____ is a large pouch located inferior to iliocecal junction
|
The cecum is a large pouch located inferior to iliocecal junction
|
|
|
The _____ is located at the lower end of the cecum
|
The appendix is located at the lower end of the cecum
|
|
|
The _____ is rich in lymphocytes to collect pathogens
|
The appendix is rich in lymphocytes to collect pathogens
|
|
|
The ______ may become infected
|
The appendix may become infected
|
|
|
If the ______ perferates (bursts) it can cause life-threatening infection in the peritoneal cavity
|
If the appendix perferates (bursts) it can cause life-threatening infection in the peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
Bacterial flora populate the _____
|
Bacterial flora populate the large intestine
|
|
|
_____ dictates what types of bacteria thrive
|
Diet dictates what types of bacteria thrive
|
|
|
Bacterial _____ ferment cellulose & other undigested carbohydrates
|
Bacterial flora ferment cellulose & other undigested carbohydrates
|
|
|
Bacterial _____ synthesize vitamin B & K
|
Bacterial flora synthesize vitamin B & K
|
|
|
Humans don't get enough vitamins ____ & ____ from diet alone
|
Humans don't get enough vitamins B & K from diet alone
|
|
|
Flatus/Flatulence
|
Gas
|
|
|
Average person produces _____ mL of flatus per day
|
Average person produces 500 mL of flatus per day
|
|
|
Most gas is ____ air
|
Most gas is swallowed air
|
|
|
_____ can contain methane, hydrogen sulfide, indole & skatole that produce the odor
|
Flatus can contain methane, hydrogen sulfide, indole & skatole that produce the odor
|
|
|
The transit time for ____ & _____ is 12-24 hours
|
The transit time for motility and absorption is 12-24 hours
|
|
|
The body reabsorbs ______ & ______
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The body reabsorbs water & electrolytes
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Feces consists of ____ & _____
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Feces consists of water and solids
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_____ consists of bacteria, mucus, undigested fiber, fat & sloughed epithelial cells
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Feces consists of bacteria, mucus, undigested fiber, fat & sloughed epithelial cells
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Haustral contractions occur every ____ minutes
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Haustral contractions occur every 30 minutes
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Haustral contractions are stimulated by the _____ of the haustrum
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Haustral contractions are stimulated by the distension of the haustrum
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Mass movement of the digestive system occurs ___ to ____ times a day
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Mass movement of the digestive system occurs 1-3 times a day
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_____ movements are triggered by gastrocolic & duodenocolic reflexes
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Mass movements are triggered by gastrocolic & duodenocolic reflexes
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Filling of the stomach & duodenum stimulate _____
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Filling of the stomach and duodenum stimulate motility
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______ movement moves residue for several centimeters with each contraction
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Mass movement moves residue for several centimeters with each contraction
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_____ are longitudinal ridges separated by mucus secreting anal sinuses
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Anal columns are longitudinal ridges separated by mucus secreting anal sinuses
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_____ are permanently distended veins
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Hemorrhoids are permanently distended veins
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The stretching of the rectum stimulates _____
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The stretching of the rectum stimulates defecation
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_____ defecation reflex happens via the myenteric plexus
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Intrinsic defecation reflex happens via the myenteric plexus
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_____ defecation reflex causes muscularis to contract and internal sphincter to relax
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intrinsic defecation reflex causes muscularis to contract and internal sphincter to relax
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_____ occurs only if external anal sphincter is voluntarily relaxed
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Defecation occurs only if external anal sphincter is voluntarily relaxed
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______ defecation reflex involves spinal cord
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parasympathetic defecation reflex involve spinal cord
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In _____ defecation reflex the stretching of rectum sends sensory signals to the spinal cord
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In parasympathetic defecation reflex the stretching of rectum sends sensory signals to the spinal cord
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In _____ defecation reflex, splanchnic nerves return signals intensifying peristalsis
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In parasympathetic defecation reflex, splanchnic nerves return signals intensifying peristalsis
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_____ increase abdominal pressure as levator ani lifts anal canal upwards
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Abdominal contractions increase abdominal pressure as levator ani lifts anal canal upwards
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What is the first step of neural control of defecation?
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Filling of the rectum
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What is the second step of neural control of defecation
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Reflex contraction of rectum & relaxation of internal anal sphincter
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The voluntary relaxation of the external sphincter is the ____ step of neural control of defecation
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The voluntary relaxation of the external sphincter is the third step of neural control of defecation
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What is the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths in US?
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Colon Cancer
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Colon cancer always begins as a benign ______
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Colon Cancer always begins as benign pulp
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1st colonoscopy recommended at ____ years of age
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1st colonoscopy recommended at 50 years of age
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Some people are genetically predisposed to _____ of colon cancer
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Some people are genetically predisposed to certain types of colon cancer
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Most cases of colon cancer are caused by ____ factors
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Most cases of colon cancer are caused by environmental factors
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