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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fluid transported within lymph vessels originates as interstitial fluid surrounding tissue cells |
LYMPH |
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Components of lymph |
Water Dissolved solutes Small amount of protein Sometimes foreign material |
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Accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage |
Lymphedema |
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2 types of lymph ducts |
Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct |
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Smallest lymph vessels. Closed- ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid |
Lymphatic capillaries |
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Where is lymphatic capillaries located |
They are scattered through areolar connective tissue among blood capillary networks |
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Lymphatic capillaries are interspersed throughout areolar connective tissue among blood capillary network except ___ |
Those within red bone marrow, spleen, the central nervous system |
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Lymphatic capillaries located within the gastrointestinal GI tract. Allow for the absorption of the lipid soluble substances |
Lacteals |
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Cause of lymphedema |
Could be caused by blockage of lymph vessel |
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Regions drain by thoracic duct |
From left side of head and neck Left upper limb Left of thorax Abdomen Both Lowe limbs |
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What regions are drain by right lymphatic duct |
Right side of head and neck Right upper limb Right of thorax |
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Location of red bone marrow |
Within spongy bone of certain bones |
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Function of bone marrow |
Formation of all formed elements Site of B-lymphocyte maturation |
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When fluid and solutes flow easily throught capiralis back into the blood |
Reabsorption |
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Where is thymus located In adults and children |
Adults: superior mediastinum Children: Anterior and superior mediastinum |
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Function of lymph node |
Filter lymph. Remove unwanted substances |
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General location of lymph nodes |
Clusters are present in these regions: Axillary Inguinal Cervical |
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Location of spleen |
Left upper quadrant of abdomen. Near 9th _11th rib Wraps partially around stomach |
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3 major functions of spleen |
1. Filters blood 2. removes aged erythrocytes &platelets 3. Serves as erythrocyte &platelet reservoir |
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Order that lymph travels through |
Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts |
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When blood plasma leaks out of capillaries is called |
Interstitial fluid |
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Lymphatic capillaries are usually smaller or larger in diameter than blood capillaries? |
Larger |
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Lymphatic capillary |
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Capillary bed |
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Venule |
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Arteriole |
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Lacteals pick up diatery____ |
Lipids |
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Lymphatic vessels resemble ____ |
Small veins |
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What similarities lymphatic vessels and veins have |
They have 3 tunics They have valves in their lumen |
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Bone marrow is found within spongy bone in which locations? |
Vertabrae Roofing bones of Skull Sternum Ossa coxae Epihysis of femur and humerus |
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What lymphocyte matures here |
T- lymphosite maturation at the thymus |
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Where B lymphocytes mature |
In bone |
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Clusters of lymphatic nodules with in walls of gastrointestinal GI, reproductive, urinary,and respiratory tracts |
MALT |
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Masses of lymphatic tissue that protect against inhaled and ingested materials. Found in the pharynx |
Tonsils |
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lymph node components |
Afterent lymphatic vessels Efferent vessel Dense connective tissue capsule Outer cortex |
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What lymph node component brings lymph to node |
Afferent lymphatic vessels |
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What component of lymph node drains a lymph node |
Efferent vessel |
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3 main groups of tonsils |
Pharalyngeal Palatine Lingual |
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MALT |
Mucosa'associated lymphatic tissue. |
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Helps defend against foreign substances. Prominent in small intestines |
MALT |
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Trabecula |
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Capsule |
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Hilum |
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Valve |
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Efferent |
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Afferent |
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Which part of the spleen serves as a blood reservoir and storage site for erytholrocytes and platalets |
Red pulp |
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Which part of the spleen monitors blood for foreign material |
White pulp |
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What lymphatic structures are involved in the formation and maturation of lymphocytes? |
Primary structure: RED bone marrow Thymus |
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What lymphatic structure serve to house lymphocytes and other immune cells following their formation and are the sites where an immune response is initiated? |
Secondary structure: Lymph nodes Spleen tonsils Lymphatic nodules MALT |
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Spleen |
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Lymph nodes |
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Tonsils |
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MALT |
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Thymus |
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Which tonsils are most commonly affected by tosillitis |
Palatine tonsils |
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Hilum |
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Largest lymphatic organ in the body |
Spleen |
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Palantine |
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Pharangeal tonsils |
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Lingual tonsil |
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Bloods flow through the spleen in what order? |
Spleen artery Central artery of white pulp Splenic sinusoids of red pulp Splenic vein |
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Cisterna chyli |
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Which lymphatic structures have a complete capsule |
Lymph node Spleen |
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Trabecula |
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Cortex |
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Capsule |
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Medulla |
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What kind of drainage occurs in the red pup spleen |
Venous |
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The____ filters the blood for foreign material, where as the ______ filter the lymph for foreign material |
SPLEEN, lymph nodes |
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What cell type found in the thalamus is found in the medulla |
Mature T lymphocytes |
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What cell found in the thymus. Found in the cortex |
Immature T lymphocytes |
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5 major categories of infections agents |
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoans Multicellular parasites |
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Fragments of infectious proteins. Cause disease in nervous tissue |
Prions |
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Eukaryotic cells without a cell wall. Intracellular and extracellular parasites . E.g. Malaria and trichomoniasis |
PROTOZOANS |
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Monomicroscopic. Take nourishment from host they live in. E.g. tapeworm |
Multicellular parasites |
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5 major categories of infectious agents |
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoans Multicellular parasites |
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Single-celled prokaryotes. Small cell with membrane and cell wall. Most harmless, some virulent. E.g. streptococcal (strep throat) |
Bacteria |
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Infectious agent made of pieces of DNA or RNA in a cell protein. Smaller than a cell. They must enter a cell to reproduce and replicate. E.g. common cold, Ebola, chicken pox |
Virus |
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Small proteins that regulate immune activity. Produced by innate and adaptive system |
Cytokines |
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Effects of cytokines |
-Signaling cells -Controlling development and behavior of Inmune cells -Regulating inflammatory response -Destroying cells |
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4 cytokine categories |
Interleukin (IL) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Interferon (INF) |
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Immunity present at birth |
Innate |
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Immunity acquired |
Adaptive |
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Type of immunity that responds immediately to potential harmful agents, and it is nonspecific |
Innate immunity |
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Type of immunity that takes several days to be effective.responds to antigens |
Adaptive inmunity |
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3 significant events that occur I. The lifetime of a lymphocyte |
Formation Activation Effector response |
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Positive selection of t-lymphocyte |
Ability to bind thymic epithelial with MHC molecules. If it binds bnb it survives |
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Infectious agents that are eukaryotic cells |
Protozoans Fungi Multicellular parasites |
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Type of infectious agent is a prokaryotic |
Bacteria |
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Obligate intracellular parasites |
Virus |
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Molds and yeast are types of |
Fungi |
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MLaria is an example of a disease caused by what agent? |
Protozoans |
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Where the alveolar macrophages found |
Lungs |
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Multicellular parasites |
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1_2 micrometers in size, single-celled organism |
Bacteria |
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Order of events of inflamation |
Release of chemicals Vasodilation Recruitment of inmune cells Delivery of plasma protein |
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Process in which Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells |
Inmune surveillance |
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Which cell has effector response to destroy infected cells via apoptosis |
Cytotoxic T cell |
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Which cell type has effector response to produce antibodies |
Plasma cell |
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Which cell has effector response to release interleukins and cytokines to simulate other cells |
Helper T cells |
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Antimicrobial substances release by skin |
Lysosyme sebum defensins dermicidin |
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Antimicrobial substances released by mucosal membrane |
Lysozyme Defensindinm ok nuglobin A |
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Benefits of fever |
Promotion of interferon activity Inhibition bacteria reproduction Accelerated tissue repair Increase adaptive inmunity activity |
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After lymphocytes are formed they are tested to see if they are functional. Functional lymphocytes are: |
Immunocompetent (Ability to bind to agent and respond to it) |
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B cell activation events in order |
1. Cell binds free antigen 2. Cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell. 3. Activated helper T cell releases IL4 4. Cell proliferates |
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When the body fails to distinguish between foreign and self antigens |
Autoimmune disease |
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Immunoglobulin LgG |
It can cross the placenta Predominary antibody in the lymph It can neutralize snake venom |
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Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ____ immunity |
Humoral |
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Examples of phagocytes |
Neutrophils Macrophages |
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immonuglobulin most predominant antibody in the lymph |
IgG |
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5 major immunoglobulin classes |
IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE |
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Activated helper T cells are required to activate which cells? |
B Cells Cytotoxic T cells |
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The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood |
Titer |
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Process by which cells migrate along chemical gradients |
Chemotaxis |
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Nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue |
Inflamation |
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Antibody formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils |
IgE |
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Capsule of lymph node |
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Pharangeal tonsils |
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Thoraxic duct |
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Cytotoxic t-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing |
Performing and granzymes |
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Active immunity requires______ |
Direct encounter with antigen |
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Which type of lymphocyte has co receptors that assist in the interaction of lymphocytes with an antigen presenting cell? |
T lymphocyte |
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In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are ____; their function is to serve as_____ |
Proteins/chemical messengers |
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Upon activation, a T lymphocyte proliferates to form____ |
Clones and memory cells |
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When leaving the red bone marrow, what t lymphocytes have? |
CD 4 and CD8 proteins |
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Protozoans |
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Fungi |
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Virus |
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Bacteria |
