Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the main minerals stored in the bones?
|
Calcium and Phosphorus
|
|
|
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
|
Within the marrow cavities of bones
|
|
|
What is hematopoiesis?
|
Blood Cell Formation
|
|
|
Blood cells are formed in Red or Yellow bone marrow?
|
Red Bone Marrow
|
|
|
Where in the bone are Adipose Cells stored?
|
In the Yellow Bone Marrow
|
|
|
What general area is Red Bone Marrow distributed?
|
* The Rib Cage
* The Spinal Column * The Pelvis |
|
|
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones?
|
Diaphysis
|
|
|
The Diaphysis is composed of what and is filled with what type of marrow?
|
Compact Bone and Spongy Bone filled with Yellow Bone Marrow
|
|
|
What are the expanded ends of long bones called?
|
Epiphyses
|
|
|
What type of cartilage covers the ends of long bones?
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage is found in what parts of the bone?
|
* Articular (covers the ends of long bones)
|
|
|
What types of bones do not have an epiphyses or diaphysis?
|
Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
|
|
|
Short, irregular, and flat bones contain which type of bone marrow?
|
Red Bone Marrow
|
|
|
What do the bones markings serve as a function for?
|
* Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
* Joint surfaces * Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
In inorganic bone, what is the purpose for mineral salts?
|
Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
|
|
|
What is hydroxyapatite
|
Mineral salts contained in bone
|
|
|
Osteoblasts
|
Bone-forming cells/ Bone Deposition
|
|
|
Osteocytes
|
Mature bone cells
|
|
|
Osteoclasts
|
Large cells that resorb or break down bone
|
|
|
Osteoid
|
Unmineralized bone matrix
|
|
|
An Osteoid is composed of?
|
* Proteoglycans
* Glycoproteins * Collagen |
|
|
When bone develops from a fibrous membrane it is called?
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
|
|
When do most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles form?
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
|
|
When does intramembranous ossification occur?
|
Begins at week 8 of embryo development
|
|
|
When bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage?
|
Endochondral ossification
|
|
|
When does Endochondral ossification occur?
|
Begins in the second month of development
|
|
What is this process?
|
Endochondral ossification
|
|
|
What hormone stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?
|
Growth Hormone
|
|
|
During puberty which hormones stimulate growth spurts and later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth?
|
Testosterone and Estrogens
|
|
|
Deposition and Reabsorption
|
Bone Remodeling
|
|
|
In the early years what is more prevalent bone deposition or reabsorption?
|
Deposition
|
|
|
When is bone reabsorption most prevalent?
|
Adulthood and old age
|
|
|
Accomplished by osteoblasts?
|
Bone Deposition
|
|
|
Bone Resorption is accomplished by?
|
Osteoclasts
|
|
|
Calcium is needed for?
|
* Transmission of nerve impulses
* Muscle contraction * Blood coagulation * Secretion by glands and nerve cells *Cell division |
|
|
Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to do what?
|
Release calcitonin -> stimulating calcium salt deposit in bone
|
|
|
Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to do what?
|
Release PTH -> signaling osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
|
|
|
What is Wolff's Law?
|
A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it
|
|
|
Where are long bones the thickest?
|
Midway along the shaft
|
|
|
Where are curved bones the thickest?
|
Where they are likely to buckle
|
|
|
Bone Fractures are classified by?
|
* The position of the bone ends after fracture
* The completeness of the break * The orientation of the bone to the long axis * Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin |
|
|
In a Nondisplaced fracture the bones ends ___.
|
The bone ends retain their normal position
|
|
|
In a Displaced fracture the bone ends are ___.
|
out of normal alignment
|
|
|
In a Complete fracture the bone is ___.
|
broken all the way through
|
|
|
In an Incomplete fracture the bone is ___.
|
not broken all the way through
|
|
|
A Linear fracture is ___.
|
parallel to the bone long axis
|
|
|
A Transverse fracture is ___.
|
perpendicular to the bone long axis
|
|
|
In an Open fracture the bone ends ___.
|
penetrate the skin
|
|
|
In a Closed fracture the bone ends ___.
|
do not penetrate the skin
|
|
|
What connects bones together at joints?
|
Ligaments
|
|
|
Cranium
|
protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles
|
|
Which bone is illustrated in Green?
|
Parietal
|
|
Which bone is this?
|
Temporal
|
|
|
The optical canals are located in which bone?
|
The Sphenoid
|
|
Which bone is this?
|
The Sphenoid
|
|
|
The structure pointing toward the top of the skull on the ethmoid bone is called?
|
The Crista Galli
|
|
|
The structure pointing toward the bottom of the skull on the ethmoid bone is called?
|
The Perpendicular plate
|
|
Which bone is this?
|
Ethmoid
|
|
Which bone is this?
|
The Mandible
|
|
Which bone is this?
|
Hyoid
|
|
|
How many bones compose the Cervical vertebrae?
|
7 bones of the neck
|
|
|
How many bones compose the Thoracic vertebrae?
|
12 bones of the torso
|
|
|
How many bones compose the Lumbar vertebrae?
|
5 bones of the lower back
|
|
|
C1 is called specifically what?
|
The Atlas
|
|
|
C2 is called specifically what?
|
The Axis
|
|
What is spinal condition A called?
|
A) Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)
|
|
What spinal condition is B called?
|
Kyphosis (hunchback)
|
|
What is spinal condition C called?
|
Lordosis (swayback)
|
|
|
What is the pedical, laminae, and transverse process grouped together called?
|
Vertebral Arch or Neural Arch
|
|
|
Intervertebral
foramina
|
lateral
openings to allow passage of spinal nerves
|
|
|
Vertebral foramina
|
make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes
|
|
|
What is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas
|
The Dens
|
|
|
Which vertebrae has a rounder foramen?
|
Thoracic Vertebrae
|
|
|
Which vertebrae has the most oval foramen?
|
Lumbar
|
|
|
S1-S5 are fused discs comprising which structure?
|
The Sacrum
|
|
|
What cartilage is connected to the ribs and the sternum?
|
Costal Cartilage
|
|
|
What three parts comprise the sternum?
|
* Manubrium
* Body * Xiphoid Process |
|
|
Articulation
|
The site where two or more bones meet
|
|
|
What are the three types of joints?
|
* Fibrous
* Cartilaginous * Synovial |
|
|
Where are the weakest parts of the skeleton?
|
The joints
|
|
Which joints are jointed by fibrous tissue and have no joint cavity?
|
Fibrous
|
|
|
Which joints are united by cartilage and don't have a joint socket?
|
Cartilaginous joints
|
|
Which joints are those in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity?
|
Synovial
|
|
|
Which types of bones have synovial joints?
|
Limb joints and most other joints
|
|
|
Tendons aid in what?
|
Stability
|
|
|
In Adduction which direction is the movement?
|
Toward the midline
|
|
|
Abduction is movement in which direction?
|
Away from the midline
|
|
What is this action called?
|
Supination
|
|
What is this action called?
|
Pronation
|
|
This is called?
|
Opposition
|
|
What is A and B called?
|
A) Dorsiflexion
B) Plantar flexion |
|
What is C called?
|
Inversion
|
|
What is D called?
|
Eversion
|
|
|
Circumduction
|
|
What is this called?
|
Rotation
|
|
What is this called?
|
Rotation
|
|
What is this called?
|
External (lateral) rotation
|
|
What is this called?
|
Internal (medial) rotation
|
|
|
What is a sprain?
|
When the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
|
|
|
Partial dislocation of a joint is called ___?
|
Subluxation
|
