Bio 106 - Exam 3 - Chapter 35

Front 1

What are chordata in terms of coeloms and protostome/deuterostomes?

Back 1

Chordates are deuterostome coelomates.

Front 2

What are the nearest relatives of chordates that we talked about?

Back 2

Echinoderms.

Front 3

What 4 morphological features help define chordata?

Back 3

1. pharyngeal gill slits. 2. notochord. 3. dorsal hollow nerve cord. 4. muscular post-anal tail. (some of these may only appear as embryo)

Front 4

What are 3 groups of Chordata?

Back 4

lancelets, tunicates, and vertebrates

Front 5

What 2 things distinguish vertebrates from nonvertebrat chordates? Describe them.

Back 5

Vertebral column (encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord) and head (distinct and well-differentiated possessing sensory organs)

Front 6

Vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?

Back 6

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system.

Front 7

What is the most diverse vertebrate group and include over half of all vertebrates?

Back 7

Fishes.

Front 8

What are the 2 major groups of fishes based on skeleton?

Back 8

1. Chondrichthyes 2. Actinopterygii and Sarcoterygii

Front 9

Describe Chondrichthyes.

Back 9

A class of fishes that include sharks and rays. cartilate skeleton (made of collagenous fibers) "calcified" with granules of calcium carbonate.

Front 10

Describe Actinopterygii and SArcopterygii

Back 10

Actinopterygii (ray finned) & Sarcopterygii (lobed finned). They have a bone skeleton made of calcium phosphate.

Front 11

When did bony fishes evolve and around the same time as what other group?

Back 11

Bony fishes evolved at the same time as sharks (about 400 MYA).

Front 12

What are the heavy internal skeleton of bony fishes made of?

Back 12

Bony fishes have heavy internal skeleton made of bone (calcium phosphate).

Front 13

What are 2 key adaptations of bony fishes?

Back 13

Swim bladder and gill cover

Front 14

Explain swim bladders. What group of animals have them?

Back 14

Bony fishes have swim bladders. They are filled/emptied of gas. It's for the fish to adjust buoyance. Gas from circulatory system. Lungs evolved from this.

Front 15

What class was the first vertebrates to walk on land?

Back 15

The class Amphibia were the 1st vertebrates to walk on land.

Front 16

What class were the direct descendants of fishes?

Back 16

Amphibia were the direct descendants of fishes.

Front 17

How do Amphibia breathe?

Back 17

Gas exchange via lungs, evolved from swim bladders.

Front 18

What are the limbs of Amphibia able to do?

Back 18

Limbs are able to support full body weight.

Front 19

Why do Amphibia have to live in or near water?

Back 19

Amphibian eggs require damp conditions.

Front 20

What are 3 modern Amphibian groups?

Back 20

Anura "without tail" (frogs and toads). Caudata "visible tail" (salamanders). Apoda "without legs" (caecilians).

Front 21

How many living species of Reptilia are there?

Back 21

There are over 7000 living species of Reptilia.

Front 22

All living reptiles exhibit which 3 key features? Describe them.

Back 22

1. Amniotic eggs (watertight; not restricted to aquatic environments like amphibians). 2. dry skin (which covers body and prevents water loss). 3. Thoracic breathing (increases lung capacity; slightly different than amphibian breathing method)

Front 23

The shell of reptiles prevent what?

Back 23

Shell prevents desiccation, or drying out), so damp environment not needed.

Front 24

Describe the efficiency of reptile circulatory system.

Back 24

Reptile circulatory system is more efficient than that of fish or amphibians. Septum lessens mixing of oxygen poor blood with oxygen rich.

Front 25

What 6 animal examples were given as reptiles?

Back 25

Turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, alligators, lizards, and snakes.

Front 26

What are the most diverse class of all terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 26

Birds (class Aves) are the most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates.

Front 27

Describe how birds are endothermic.

Back 27

Birds are warm-blooded and can regulate their body temp.

Front 28

What are the 2 unique structures of birds that allow flight?

Back 28

Feather and thin hollow bones.

Front 29

Feathers are developed from what and made of what?

Back 29

Feathers developed from reptile scales and are made of keratin.

Front 30

What are 3 things made of keratin?

Back 30

Feathers, reptile scales, and mammalian hair.

Front 31

Describe feathers.

Back 31

Linked structures provide continuous surface and a sturdy but flexible shape. Linked by hooks and barbs.

Front 32

Most paleontologists agree that birds are the direct descendants of what?

Back 32

Most paleontologists agree that birds are the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs

Front 33

What living class of animals are birds most closely related to?

Back 33

Birds are most closely related to living reptiles.

Front 34

What order of birds comprise 60% of the species?

Back 34

Passeriformes.

Front 35

Most ancient birds are flightless or can fly?

Back 35

Most ancient birds are flightless.

Front 36

Which class has the lowest number of species among the 5 vertebrate classes?

Back 36

Mammalia.

Front 37

Most of the mammalian species are what 4 animals?

Back 37

Rodents, bats, shrews, or moles.

Front 38

What are two structures that all Mammalia have?

Back 38

Hair and mammary glands.

Front 39

Describe hair and its 3 possible functions.

Back 39

Hair are long, keratin-rich filaments that extend from follicles (insulation, camouflage, and sensory structure [whiskers]).

Front 40

Describe mammary glands.

Back 40

Females possess mammary glands that secrete milk.

Front 41

Mammalia have the most common recent ancestor with what class?

Back 41

Reptilia.

Front 42

What are the 3 major groups of Mammalia?

Back 42

Monotremata (egg laying; platypus, echidna), Marsupalia (marsupial; kangaroos, koalas, wallabys, opossums), and Eutheria (placental; humans)

Front 43

What 5 groups are included in placental mammals?

Back 43

1. rodentia (rodents) 2. cetacea (whales, dolphins) 3. carnivora (cats, dogs, weasels, bears) 4. chiroptera (bats, flying foxes) 5. primates (lemurs, monkeys, apes)

Front 44

What are 2 key features of primates?

Back 44

1. grasping fingers and toes 2. binocular vision

Front 45

What 2 categories are primates divided into and what do they include?

Back 45

prosimians (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers) and anthropoids (new world monkeys, old word monkeys, hominoids)

Front 46

What 2 groups are included in hominoids?

Back 46

Apes and Hominids.

Front 47

What defines Hominids?

Back 47

Humans and their direct ancestors. Hominids are bipedal (walk upright).

Front 48

When was the last time hominids and chimpanzees had a common ancestor?

Back 48

5.5-6 MYA.

Front 49

How can you tell that all hominids are bipedal?

Back 49

From the skull; angle of spinal cord connection.

Front 50

Have species of hominids been present at the same time?

Back 50

Several species of hominids have been present at the same time.

Front 51

Comparing hominids (humans and their direct ancestors), what are 5 differences?

Back 51

Braincase volume (we're bigger), flatness of face (we're flatter), shape of jaw, other skull characteristics, height (we're taller).

Front 52

Describe Ardipithecus ramidus. (when discovered, when lived, special body feature, brain size)

Back 52

Hominid (bipedal). Discovered 1994. Lived 4.4 MYA. Long arms. Had a brain ~same size as chimp's.

Front 53

Describe gracile australopithecines.

Back 53

Lucy. Similar in body size to chimps. Similar in brain size to apes (getting bigger brains). Walked upright (evidence: shape of knee & hip, spinal cord exit). 4 species ID-ed. Face is not flat: large jaw, small braincase.

Front 54

Describe robust australopithecines.

Back 54

Similar in size to Gracile, but heavier. Skull broader. Large jaw (nutcracker) and cheek bones. Sagittal crest (faux hawk). 3 known species.

Front 55

What genus are robust australopithecines also known by?

Back 55

Genus Paranthropus.

Front 56

Species in the genus Homo are called what?

Back 56

Humans.

Front 57

Early members of the genus Homo had what?

Back 57

flatter and narrower faces, smaller jaws and teeth, larger brains, tools

Front 58

When did the genus Homo first appear?

Back 58

2 MYA.

Front 59

Early humans (homos) include which 3 groups?

Back 59

Homo habilis, ergaster, and erectus.

Front 60

Where have most of the fossils of Homo been found?

Back 60

In Africa.

Front 61

Which Homo group has the largest range of where fossils have been found?

Back 61

Homo erectus has the largest range; found in africa, middle east, asia.

Front 62

What are the 4 groups of recent Homo?

Back 62

Homo floresiensis, heidelbergensis, neanderthalensis, and sapiens.

Front 63

When did the recent Homo first appear?

Back 63

1.2 MYA.

Front 64

Describe Homo floresiensis.

Back 64

Recently discovered. Small. More closely related to H. erectus than to H. sapiens. Even flatter faces, smaller teeth, larger brains.

Front 65

What group did Homo heidelbergensis exist with?

Back 65

H. erectus.

Front 66

Describe Homo neanderthalensis.

Back 66

Short, stocky body. Protruding faces. Bony brow ridges. Wider. Hips at different angle.

Front 67

Describe Homo sapiens.

Back 67

Existed with H. neanderthalensis. Includes us!

Front 68

Humans originated from where and how do we know?

Back 68

Humans originated from Africa and mitochondrial DNA shows that this migration followed 3 major pathways.