Bio 102 Lab 1

Front 1

Vascular Plants

Back 1

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Front 2

Angiosperms

Back 2

Flowering plants - monocots (one cotyledon) and dicots (two cotyledons)

Front 3

Dicotyledonae

Back 3

Two cotyledons (embryonic seed leaves); principle leaf veins branch out from a midrib to form network; flower parts arranged in multiple of 4 or 5; root system has woody taproot w/ branch roots growing from it; stem with vascular bundles in a single cylinder (ring); cambium adds a new ring of wood each year (e.g. lima beans, roses, sunflowers, buttercup, basswood)

Front 4

Monocotyledonae

Back 4

One cotyledon in embryo; principle leaf veins are parallel to each other; flower parts arranged in multiples of 3; fibrous root system; stem w/ vascular bundles complexly arranged in pith; herbaceous stem without cambium, does not form annual cylindrical layers of wood (e.g. corn, tulip, lilies, and palms)

Front 5

Stem

Back 5

Structural support and framework for the plant. Nodes are points of leaf attachment, w/ internodes between

Front 6

Leaves

Back 6

Main photosynthetic organs of plant; blade is flattened portion, petiole is the stalk of leaf

Front 7

Axial Buds

Back 7

Structures that have potential to form vegetative branches

Front 8

Terminal Buds

Back 8

Either at tips of the shoot or branch, actively differentiating and developing leaves, nodes and internodes

Front 9

Flowers

Back 9

Reproductive structure formed by the transition of a vegetative apical meristem to a floral meristem, capable of produce male and female gametes

Front 10

Tissue systems of plants

Back 10

Dermal, vascular, ground

Front 11

Dermal system

Back 11

Single layer of tightly packed cells covering the exterior of young plants. Protects plant & acts as absorptive interface w/ env (in roots) or as watertight barrier (in stems & leaves). Also photosynthesis.

Front 12

Vascular system

Back 12

Made up of xylem and phloem

Front 13

Xylem

Back 13

Complex tissue of several cell types which conducts water and dissolved solutes in a unidirectional flow from the roots to the leaves; star shaped bundle of large, hollow cells at center of stele; water conducting cells are composed of tracheids and larger diameter vessel elements. These two cell types only serve this purpose when fully matured, w/ thickened cell walls and disintegrated cell interior - conduits w/in plant. Usually found to interior of stem.

Front 14

Phloem

Back 14

A composite tissue which transports the products of photosynthesis from the site of production (mainly in mature leaves) to the roots and other non-photosynthetic parts of the plant. Consists of sieve-tube members and their companion cells.  Unlike xylem, the sieve elements of phloem are living cells, capable of transporting material up/down by expending cellular energy. Usually found to exterior of stem

Front 15

Ground system

Back 15

Support plant structure, serve as sites for photosyn., storage of nutrients

Front 16

Epidermis

Back 16

Outermost layer, protective covering of plant

Front 17

Cortex

Back 17

Large region of ground tissue adjacent to epidermis; loosely packed parenchyma/collenchyma cells

Front 18

Parenchyma cells

Back 18

Rel. unspecialized cells w/ thin, flexible cell walls; major site of metabolic activity in plant, contain starch-storing plastids; also store water which helps maintain turgot to keep stem erect

Front 19

Endodermis

Back 19

Rectangular cells that delineate innermost boundary of cortex; acts as selective barrier that regulate passage of minerals from cortex to vascular tissue

Front 20

Stele

Back 20

Bundle of vascular tissue surrounded by endodermis

Front 21

Pericycle

Back 21

Single layer of cells with potential meristematic activity; mitotic activity of these cells can give rise to lateral roots; by originating at pericycle and growing outward the roots maintain connection with vascular tissue of the stele for continuous conduction of ater and minerals to plant body

Front 22

Pith

Back 22

Central mass of parenchyma cells

Front 23

Root cap

Back 23

A zone of loosely packed cells at extreme tip of root (onion root tip, Allium cepa)

Front 24

Apical meristem

Back 24

Region of rightly packed cells w/in the zone of cell division (mitosis!!) (onion root tip)

Front 25

Zone of elongation

Back 25

Region behind apical meristem containing cells whose length increaes, forcing root tip upwards

Front 26

Root hairs

Back 26

epidermal cells that extend out into soil, increase SA of root to facilitate absorption

Front 27

Vascular bundles

Back 27

How tissue of vascular system is laid out in monocots and eudicots; composed of discrete regions of xylem and phloem

Front 28

Cambium

Back 28

Thin layer of meristematic tissue in dicots; vascular cambium usu. an active area of cell division and cellular differentiation, gives rise to new xylem and phloem tissue

Front 29

Rays

Back 29

Radial rows of parenchyma cells that lie btwn individual bundles in the ring of vascular tissue in dicots, connecting pith and cortex

Front 30

Fiber cap

Back 30

Collection of sclerenchyma cells on outermost side of vascular bundle; cells have secondary cell walls embedded with lignan, a hard material which strengthens the walls so that they can support stem

Front 31

Secondary growth

Back 31

Most dicot roots and stems increase in diameter because cambium produces new growth (annual rings)

Front 32

Xylem rays

Back 32

Lines that radiate outward from the edge of pith through rings of xylem in Tilia

Front 33

Phloem rays

Back 33

Conical expansions of xylem rays; both act as conduits for lateral transport of water and nutrients and may act as CHO storage

Front 34

Periderm

Back 34

Layers of cork and the cambium from which they arise; cork accumulates on exterior side of cambium

Front 35

Bark

Back 35

Encompasses all cell layers, living and dead, including secondary phloem and layers of periderm outside the vascular cambium

Front 36

Upper & lower epidermis

Back 36

Outermost dermal tissue on top and bottom of leaf; tightly packed cells resist damage and disease

Front 37

Mesophyll

Back 37

All cells between upper & lower epidermis in a leaf

Front 38

Cuticle

Back 38

Nonliving, waxy layer that retards water loss, covers the outer walls of epidermal cells

Front 39

Stomata

Back 39

Allow for gas exchange between the cells of the mesophyll and the external air; each stoma flanked by guard cells

Front 40

Guard cells

Back 40

Modified epidermal cells whose changes in shape, due to turgor pressure, regulate size of stoma opening

Front 41

Palisade parenchyma

Back 41

A layer of evenly spaced cylindrical cells whose axes are perpendicular to the layer of the epidermis, above; most of photosynthesis in leaf occurs in tehse cells, which have more chloroplasts than spongy parenchyma

Front 42

Spongy parenchyma

Back 42

More open zone of irregularly spaced cells w/ rel. large space in between to allow for rapid gas exchange in leaf

Front 43

Veins

Back 43

Vascular bundles of leaf; traverse the mesophyll and are continuous with those of the stem