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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If water on Mars is ten times more likely to dissociate than on Earth, what is neutrality on Mars?
2 6 7 8 12 |
6
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Compound H2X is a diprotic strong acid with a molecular weight of 100 (Assume an activity coefficient of 1.0). Which of the following statements would be true about a 250 ml solution which contained 25 milligrams of H2X?
The concentration of X-2 is 10 mg% The concentration of X-2 is 1,000 µM The solution is 2 mNormal All of the above |
All of the above
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A 10 mM solution of HCl has a pOH of
2 3 10 12 Cannot be determined from information provided |
12
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You add 100 mg of H2X (a strong acid with an activity coefficient of 1.0 and molecular weight of 200 g) into 1 liter of water. Which of the following is INCORRECT?
The pOH is 11 The solution is 10 mg% The solution is 1.5 mOsm The concentration of X-2 is 500 micromolar All of the above are correct |
The solution is 1.5 mOsm
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200 mg of HXY (MW = 20) is dissolved in 100 ml of water. Assuming full dissociation and activity coefficient of 1.0, which of the following is INCORRECT?
The solution is 100 mM The solution is 20,000 µOsm The solution is at pH 1.0 The solution is 0.2 %w/v All of the above are correct |
The solution is 20,000 µOsm
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25 mg of H2NaX, a strong acid with activity coefficient of 1.0 and MW = 100g, is dissolved in 500 ml of water. What is the osmolarity of the solution?
100 µOsm 250 µOsm 500 µOsm 1.0 mOsm 2.5 mOsm |
1.0 mOsm
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25 mg of H2NaX, a strong acid with activity coefficient of 1.0 and MW = 100g, is dissolved in 500 ml of water. What is the pH of the solution?
1 3 7 11 13 |
3
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25 mg of H2NaX, a strong acid with activity coefficient of 1.0 and MW = 100g, is dissolved in 500 ml of water. What is the pOH of the solution?
1 3 7 11 13 |
11
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25 mg of H2NaX, a strong acid with activity coefficient of 1.0 and MW = 100g, is dissolved in 500 ml of water, making this a ______ mg% solution of H2NaX.
5 25 50 250 500 |
5
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Which statement is FALSE?
Proteins can flip-flop across membranes Spectrin can anchor proteins in place Up to 10% of some membranes is sugar Membranous proteins stay in membranes because of hydrophobic interactions All of the above are TRUE |
Proteins can flip-flop across membranes
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A lipid containing 1 fatty acid, 1 phosphorylcholine and 1 sphingosine is
Phosphatidate Phosphatidylcholine Ganglioside Sphingomyelin Amylose |
Sphingomyelin
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Which of the following increases membrane fluidity?
Longer fatty acid chains in phosphatidylcholine Fewer unsaturated fatty acids in spingomyelin Lower cholesterol content of the membrane All of the above. A and B, but not C |
Lower cholesterol content of the membrane
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This bond type is more important than any other in holding components of a leaflet together:
Covalent Electrostatic Hydrogen Van der Waals B and C |
Van der Waals
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Cellular membranes
have a protein component which produces a barrier to diffusion have a lipid component which does the active work of the membrane have a high concentration of proteins in mitochondrial membranes can be classified as micelles All of the above |
have a high concentration of proteins in mitochondrial membranes
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Which of the following would tend to increase membrane fluidity?
Increased Van der Waals bonding Increased percentage of unsaturated fatty acids Increased cholesterol content Decreased temperature All of the above |
Increased percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
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In the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, which of the following is NOT a major factor in holding the membrane together and providing final structure?
Van der Waals bonding Hydrogen bonding Covalent bonding Hydrophobic interactions Hydrophilic interactions |
Covalent bonding
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An analysis of a compound shows that each molecule contains sphingosine. The compound could be:
Sphingomyelin a cerebroside a ganglioside a phosphoglyceride A, B and C, but not D |
A, B and C, but not D
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Which of the following is a non-polar amino acid?
Methionine Serine Cysteine Aspartate Lysine |
Methionine
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You are given a solution of an amino acid and told that it has two pK's: pK1 = 3.2 and pK2 = 8.2. Which of the following statements is correct?
The amino acid may be glutamate The pI is 5.2 The amino acid is negatively charged when the pH of the solution is adjusted to 9.0 The amino acid is negatively charged when the pH of the solution is adjusted to 1.0 All of the above are correct |
The amino acid is negatively charged when the pH of the solution is adjusted to 9.0
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Amino acids
are all D-isomers when used in making proteins may have basic side groups, such as is seen in aspartate can be joined together by a covalent bond called a peptide bond may have acidic side groups, such as is seen in isoleucine seldom contain an -NH3 group |
can be joined together by a covalent bond called a peptide bond
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The amino acid sequence of a protein is modified by additions of certain compounds. Which of the following changes usually occurs on proline residues?
Cleaving Phosphorylation Hydroxylation Acetylation None of the above occur on proline |
Hydroxylation
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Which of the following is a purely ketogenic amino acid?
Tyrosine Aspartate Glutamate Phenylalanine Lysine |
Lysine
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If water on Mars is ten times more likely to dissociate than on Earth, what is neutrality on Mars?
2 6 7 8 12 |
6
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Which of the following statements about buffers is INCORRECT?
To be an effective buffer the compound must have a pK in the vicinity of the pH which you wish to maintain The buffering capacity increases as the concentration of the buffer decreases There are many buffers in our body with pK's in the vicinity of 6.5-7.5 When pH is greater than the pK of the buffer, the buffer will tend to dissociate All of the above are CORRECT |
The buffering capacity increases as the concentration of the buffer decreases
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When looking at the titration curve for a weak acid
the most rapid change in pH per base equivalent added is in the range near the pK there would be three inflection points for a triprotic acid Vmax can be calculated from the point of maximal pH change A and B B and C |
there would be three inflection points for a triprotic acid
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A 10 mM solution of HCl has a pOH of
2 3 10 12 Cannot be determined from information provided |
12
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Which of the following comments about weak acids is INCORRECT?
Any weak acid can be a buffer The ability of a weak acid to serve as a buffer is partially dependent on its pK The ability of a weak acid to serve as a buffer is partially dependent on its concentration The Henderson-Hasselbach equation can be used to determine the distribution of dissociated and undissociated weak acids All of the above are correct |
All of the above are correct
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For the reaction: H2X becomes H+ + HX- , where pK = 4.0, which of the following is true?
H2X is the major form of the acid at pH = 7 HX- is the major form of the acid at pH = 4 When pH > pK, the [HX-] > [H2X] When pH > pK, the concentration of the acid is greater than the concentration of the base All of the above are correct |
When pH > pK, the [HX-] > [H2X]
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I recently dissolved a small protein and analyzed its amino acid content. It contained 8 arginines (pK = 12), 5 aspartates (pK = 4.4) and 30 alanines. What was the CHANGE in charge on this protein when the pH of the solution was acidified from 14 to 1?
-6 to +9 +3 to -3 +3 to +9 +9 to -3 -6 to +3 |
-6 to +9
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What would the isoelectric point be for Arginine, assuming the pKs are 2.4, 9.4 and 12.5
8.1 5.9 10.95 14.0 1.0 |
10.95
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H3X is a weak acid with pK1 = 2.4, pK2 = 5.3 and pK3 = 11.2. What structure would predominate at pH = 7.0?
50% H2X- and 50% H3X 100% H2X- 50% HX-2 and 50% H2X- 100% HX-2 50% X-3 and 50% HX-2 |
100% HX-2
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25 mg of H2NaX, a strong acid with activity coefficient of 1.0 and MW = 100g, is dissolved in 500 ml of water. What is the pH of the solution?
1 3 7 11 13 |
3
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25 mg of H2NaX, a strong acid with activity coefficient of 1.0 and MW = 100g, is dissolved in 500 ml of water. What is the pOH of the solution?
1 3 7 11 13 |
11
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A competitive inhibitor
Increases Km with no change in Vmax Decreases Km with no change in Vmax Increases Vmax with no change in Km Decreases Vmax with no change in Km Increases Vmax and decreases Km |
Increases Km with no change in Vmax
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An enzyme with Vmax of 40 µMol/min would have what activity at substrate concentration of 20 µM?
10 µmol/min 20 µmol/min 40 µmol/min 80 µmol/min Cannot be determined from this information |
Cannot be determined from this information
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A left shift in allosteric kinetics
Occurs with competitive inhibitors Is an irreversible reaction Seldom occurs in metabolic pathways Increases specific activity Decreases substrate affinity |
Increases specific activity
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Total enzyme activity can be altered most rapidly by
Glycosylation Acetylation Altering total amount of the enzyme Altering specific activity of the enzyme Steroid hormones |
Altering specific activity of the enzyme
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Activation energy is
Equal to energy of substrate minus energy of product Less than the energy of the substrate Decreased by enzymes Zero at equilibrium Increased when substrate concentration is increased |
Decreased by enzymes
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Calmodulin participates in
Feedback inhibition Regulatory protein control Enzyme phosphorylation Proteolytic activation Protein anchoring |
Regulatory protein control
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Which of the following alterations would NOT increase the rate of a spontaneous reaction?
Add an enzyme Decrease the concentration of product Increase the concentration of substrate Decrease the activation energy All of the above would accelerate a spontaneous reaction |
All of the above would accelerate a spontaneous reaction
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In the reaction: S --E--> P , the enzyme E
shifts the equilibrium in favor of the product increases the positive free energy of activation always forms a covalent intermediate increases the rate of the reaction lowers the free energy difference between substrate and product |
increases the rate of the reaction
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Enzymes are used to catalyze chemical reactions because they
stabilize the transitional state of the reaction lower the activation energy of the reaction reduce the substrate concentration necessary to meet product needs can bring two substrate molecules into close proximity for a reaction to occur All of the above |
All of the above
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Which of the following exhibits an S-shaped relationship between substrate concentration and reaction velocity?
Competitive inhibitor Noncompetitive inhibitor Allosteric enzyme Km Vmax |
Allosteric enzyme
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How much product will accumulate in 10 seconds after substrate concentration is lowered from 1 mM to 50 µM for an enzyme with a Vmax of 20 µMoles/sec and Km of 50 µM?
10 mMoles 1 mMole 0.1 mMole 0.01 mMole Cannot be determined from the information provided. |
0.1 mMole
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The measure of randomness is
ΔH ΔG ΔV ΔS ΔT |
ΔS
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According to the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, in life all of the energy produced by a reaction is destined to become
Heat Light Electrons Entropy A change in volume of the system |
Heat
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In a system where the volume does not change,
the total energy change of the reaction is equal to ΔH the total energy change of the reaction is equal to ΔG the total energy of the reaction is used to do useful work the pressure of the system must increase the total energy of the universe must increase |
the total energy change of the reaction is equal to ΔH
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The energy derived from a chemical reaction can be
emitted in the form of heat coupled to perform work used to organize a portion of the universe All of the above None of the above |
All of the above
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The WORST predictor of spontaneity is
ΔS ΔEo’ ΔGo' ΔH None of the above are good predictors |
ΔH
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An endergonic reaction
is spontaneous as written gives off heat absorbs heat would require the input of energy to react as written indicates that there is a net increase in the randomness of the universe |
would require the input of energy to react as written
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When ΔG = 0:
The system performs work on the surroundings The system is at equilibrium, but the surroundings are not TΔS = ΔH ΔH > ΔE ΔG = ΔH |
TΔS = ΔH
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If the ΔGo’ of a cellular reaction is negative, then increasing substrate concentration will
Make the reaction more favorable Possibly make the reverse reaction favorable Not alter the ΔG of the reaction in the cell Result in decreased heat production Significantly alter the ΔS of the reaction |
Make the reaction more favorable
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A disease which depleted cellular biotin might be expected to
increase the rate of gluconeogenesis not affect gluconeogenesis inhibit gluconeogenesis increase both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis decrease both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis |
inhibit gluconeogenesis
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Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin which protects membranes from lipid peroxidation?
Pyridoxine Thiamine Phylloquinone α tocopherol Pantothenate |
α tocopherol
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Which of the following is part of the B Complex?
Retinol Niacin Ascorbate Ergocalciferol Phylloquinone |
Niacin
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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a. Lipids can “flip-flop” between leaflets, but proteins do not b. In mammals, cholesterol’s prominent effect is to decrease membrane fluidity c. Glycocalyx are concentrated in both the outer leaflet and inner luminal leaflet d. Phospholipid link cell to the extracellular matrix e. All of the above are correct |
d. Phospholipid link cell to the extracellular matrix
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The pH of the blood is primarily regulated by which of the following organs?
Liver Kidney Pancreas Spleen Adrenal Glands |
Kidney
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A saline solution is said to be isotonic with blood when
the sodium chloride content of both solutions is the same infusion of the solution results in the same venous tone as is produced by blood total ionic content of both solutions is the same total osmotic pressure of both solutions is the same glucose is added to the saline solution to the same level as is seen in blood |
total osmotic pressure of both solutions is the same
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A person with type AB blood is said to be a “universal acceptor” because
agglutinogens Anti-A and anti-B are present in their serum neither anti-A nor anti-B are present in their serum agglutinogens A and B are present on their erythrocytes neither A nor B agglutinogens are present in the donee’s blood agglutinogens A, B, anti-A and anti-B are all present in the donee’s blood |
neither anti-A nor anti-B are present in their serum
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A vitamin K deficiency increases clotting time primarily by
Decreasing prothrombin levels in blood Increasing thromboplastin levels in blood Preventing the action of thrombin on fibrinogen Preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
Decreasing prothrombin levels in blood
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Liver disease may result in peripheral edema formation as a result of
Decreased albumin synthesis Decreased bile synthesis Decreased Aldosterone release Increased Aldosterone release Increased ADH release |
Decreased albumin synthesis
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Nitrogen in blood is primarily present as a component of proteins and ____________.
Urea Uric acid Free amino acids Hypoxanthine Xanthine |
Urea
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The 2003 Tour de France was notable for its consistently high temperatures, increasing the importance that riders ingest more water and
Iron Magnesium Phosphate Sodium chloride Calcium |
Sodium chloride
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The ion which has the greatest contribution to osmolarity of interstitial fluid is
Bicarbonate Chloride Phosphate Potassium Sodium |
Sodium
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Thrombin is an enzyme which
Catabolizes fibrin clots Promotes fibrin polymerization Is present in erythrocytes and released by calcium Promotes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Stimulates synthesis of fibrinogen by the liver |
Promotes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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Which of the following is NOT required for normal blood clotting?
Calcium Plasmin Thrombin Vitamin K Phospholipid |
Plasmin
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Which vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin?
Ascorbate Cobalamin Folate Menaquinone α-Tocopherol |
Menaquinone
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A vitamin K deficiency has symptoms like those seen following administration of heparin because they both result in
The release of chylomicrons into the blood Decreased thrombin formation/presence, accompanied by increased bleeding time Inhibition of fibrinogen synthesis by the liver Plasma calcium chelation A decrease in Factor V in the plasma |
Decreased thrombin formation/presence, accompanied by increased bleeding time
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Iron from the diet is transported in blood bound to
Ferritin Transferrin Hemosiderin Ceruloplasmin Nothing |
Transferrin
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Plasma globulins are primarily important because they
Maintain colloid osmotic pressure Participate in immune responses Form blood clots Transport free fatty acids Transport triglycerides |
Participate in immune responses
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The intrinsic pathway for blood coagulation
begins with inactivation of the Hageman Factor (Factor XII) is triggered by exposure of the blood to collagen is independent of calcium can proceed in the absence of Vitamin K is NOT sensitive to heparin |
is triggered by exposure of the blood to collagen
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Inappropriate blood clotting is controlled by
the smoothness of the endothelial wall the glycocalyx coating on endothelial cells the presence of thrombomodulin in endothelial cell membranes activation of Protein C All of the above |
All of the above
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Blood clot formation can be directly inhibited by
excess levels of Vitamin K spleenectomy Coumadin (Warfarin) Streptokinase All of the above |
Coumadin (Warfarin)
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Platelets
aggregate when exposed to collagen secrete heparin in small quantities have a high protein content in their cell membranes are secreted by the liver All of the above |
aggregate when exposed to collagen
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Damaged tissue is stimulated to repair itself via
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Fibrin-stabilizing factor secretions from dense bodies secretions of glycoproteins from platelet cell membrane ADP release from fibrinogen |
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
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A severe decrease in circulating fibrinogen levels would be expected to
cause small blood vessel ruptures to bleed uncontrollably stimulate heparin secretion by the liver limit the formation of hard clots decrease thrombin formation All of the above |
limit the formation of hard clots
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Which of the following recognizes and binds epitopes?
Albumin α1 lipoprotein β1 lipoprotein globulin Ceruloplasmin |
globulin
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The most prevalent plasma protein is
Albumin α1 lipoprotein β1 lipoprotein globulin Ceruloplasmin |
Albumin
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Which of the following should be minimized in order to prevent cardiovascular disease?
Albumin β1 lipoprotein α1 lipoprotein globulin Ceruloplasmin |
β1 lipoprotein
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Which of the following, along with ascorbate and urate, is associated with a major blood anti-oxidant?
Albumin α1 lipoprotein β1 lipoprotein globulin Ceruloplasmin |
Albumin
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Which of the following transports copper in the blood?
Albumin α1 lipoprotein β1 lipoprotein globulin Ceruloplasmin |
Ceruloplasmin
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Which of the following responses to blood vessel damage occurs most rapidly?
Platelet aggregation Fibrin forming hydrogen bonds with other fibrin monomers Vasoconstriction in the region of the wound Fibrin forming covalent bonds with other fibrin monomers Activation of Plasmin |
Vasoconstriction in the region of the wound
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Which of the following can trigger vasoconstriction?
Serotonin (5-HT) ADP Nerve reflex Myogenic spasm All of the above |
All of the above
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The primary pH buffering system in blood is
Hemoglobin Bicarbonate Phosphate Hydroxybutyrate Citrate |
Bicarbonate
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Which of the following ions is most important in blood clot formation?
Iron Copper Calcium Potassium Chloride |
Calcium
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Which of the following is primarily responsible for transport of free fatty acids in blood?
Albumin High density lipoproteins Cholesterol Mucopolysaccharides γ-globulins |
Albumin
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Which of the following is NOT a β globulin?
β1 lipoprotein Prothrombin Transferrin Plasminogen None of the above are β globulins |
Prothrombin
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The predominant plasma protein is
Ceruloplasmin Mucin Albumin Immunoglobulin Low density lipoprotein |
Albumin
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What plasma protein binds to epitopes?
Ceruloplasmin Albumin Transferrin γ globulin Plasminogen |
γ globulin
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The plasma protein with the greatest mass is
Albumin β1 lipoprotein α1 lipoprotein Fibrinogen γ globulin |
β1 lipoprotein
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After water, the next most abundant component of blood is
cells plasma proteins ions small organic compounds glucose |
cells
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Which of the following does NOT contribute to platelet aggregation?
Exposure to collagen Exposure to the tunica media ADP release by other platelets Myogenic spasm All of the above contribute |
Myogenic spasm
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of platelets?
Dense bodies which release ADP and serotonin Alpha granules which release platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Actin and myosin molecules in platelet cytoplasm Prostaglandin synthase Nucleus |
Nucleus
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Which of the following is found in a hard clot, but NOT in predecessors of hard clots?
Factor XIII Plasminogen Covalent bonds linking fibrin monomers Tissue plasminogen activator Vitamin K |
Covalent bonds linking fibrin monomers
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What converts prothrombin to thrombin?
Activation of the intrinsic pathway Activation of the extrinsic pathway A combination of Factor V, Factor X and calcium Prothrombin activator complex All of the above |
All of the above
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What limits the extent of clot formation?
Fibrin threads trap thrombin in the clot Antithrombin III is circulating in the blood and binds to any thrombin which escapes the clot Glycocalyx in undamaged areas of endothelium repels clotting factors Thrombomodulin in the endothelial cell membrane binds circulating thrombin All of the above contribute to limiting the extent of clot formation |
All of the above contribute to limiting the extent of clot formation
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What enzyme is normally responsible for dissolving a blood clot in vivo?
Thrombin Plasmin Fibrin Streptokinase Thromboplastin |
Plasmin
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The second most plentiful component of blood is
water plasma protein cells glucose and other nutrients inorganic ions |
cells
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These plasma proteins are variable in amount found in plasma, and are produced in response to the presence of an epitope:
α2-glycoproteins β1-lipoproteins α1-lipoproteins γ-globulins Albumin |
γ-globulins
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Platelets
contribute to vasoconstriction by secreting prostaglandins are prevented from forming a loose clot in the presence of dicumarol secrete fibrin stabilizing factor are inhibited by growth factor secreted by damaged endothelium are not involved in repair of the many small vessel ruptures that occur in a body each day |
secrete fibrin stabilizing factor
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Thrombin
causes conversion of a loose clot to a hard clot activity is accelerated by Factor V activity is inhibited by calcium is directly activated by thromboplastin in the intrinsic pathway is also known as the Hageman Factor |
causes conversion of a loose clot to a hard clot
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