Behavioral Sciences Overview

Front 1

What are the five major classifications of social groups?

Back 1

1. Primary Groups

2. Secondary Groups

3. Reference Groups

4. In-groups and out-groups

5. Social networks

Front 2

What are groups that help form an individual's identity?

Back 2

Reference groups

Front 3

What are groups that provide multiple links to an often large number of other individuals?

Back 3

Social Networks

Front 4

What groups are focused on member's need for support, such as a family or friend grouping?

Back 4

Primary groups

Front 5

What are groups that oppose each other or exclude members of other groups?

Back 5

In-groups and out-groups

Front 6

What are groups that form around the need to complete a task?

Back 6

Secondary groups

Front 7

Who's major thesis stated that the differing religions of East and West led to differences in societal development?

Back 7

Max Weber

Front 8

Who is considered to be the first sociologist in the western world, who's major theory was positivism?

Back 8

Auguste Comte, a French philosopher

Front 9

Who said that society world-wide could be boiled down to a constant struggle between classes? (Hint: Went on to say that this socio-economic battle, as explained in the Communist Manifesto, would eventually lead to a revolution by the working class)

Back 9

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Front 10

Who is credited with the idea known as Social Darwinism, and applied Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest to the way society develops?

Back 10

Herbert Spencer

Front 11

According to ___1____, _____2____ is the major driving ____3____ behind the ____4______ and changes inherent in human ___5____.

Back 11

1. Spencer

2. Competition

3. force

4. development

5. society

Front 12

Who helped sociology come to be considered a discipline in major universities, and was heavily influenced by Comte's views of positivism?

Back 12

Emile Durkheim

Front 13

What did Durkheim believe and study?

Back 13

He felt that the larger world was influenced by group beliefs, attitudes and cultural aspects rather than by individuals. He performed in-depth studies on the cause of higher suicide rates among certain social groups.

Front 14

Who studied sexual beliefs and norms among South Pacific and Southeast Asian cultures, how children were treated and brought up in different cultures, and how breastfeeding was viewed in different population groups?

Back 14

Margaret Mead

Front 15

What is a scientific discipline that focuses on the study of societies, made up of institutions, groups and finally individuals?

Back 15

Sociology

Front 16

What refers to all learned human behaviors and behavioral patterns?

Back 16

Culture

Front 17

What was the theory that growth, learning and training would always win out over any possible inform tendencies? Who thought of this?

Back 17

Behaviorism- John B. Watson

Front 18

What is the theory that states there is a certain body of knowledge all people are born with? (This knowledge requires no learning or experience on the part of the individual)

Back 18

Rene Descartes, a french philosopher

Front 19

What belief is in direct opposition to the theory of Nativism?

Back 19

Empiricism

Front 20

What does Empiricism believe?

Back 20

That all knowledge is acquired through life experience, impressing itself on a mind and brain that are blank at the time of birth.

Front 21

Who were proponents of this theory? (4)

Back 21

1. Thomas Hobbes

2. John Locke

3. David Hume

4. George Berkeley

Front 22

What process helps individuals learn how to function within a specific culture, group or society? (Learned first at home with family and then through interaction with peers, schoolmates, etc.)

Back 22

Socialization

Front 23

What are three main ways sociologists gather and test data?

Back 23

1. Surveys-gathering info via direct questioning of members of the social group being studied

2. Controlled experiments- Performing experiments that change an element of society

3. Field Observations- living among members of a particular group or culture and observing how they interact and how they live

Front 24

What science studies human culture, its development and how different cultural groups are similar or different?

Back 24

Anthropology

Front 25

How do Anthropologist often study?

Back 25

They usual live among them, observing and participating in everyday activities- Participant Observation.

Front 26

Who was an Austrian doctor that developed a number of theories regarding human mental processes and behavior?

Back 26

Sigmund Freud

Front 27

Freud believed that the ___1____ drove ___2____ without the ___3____ being aware of it, and that these ___4____ motivators could lead to severe ____5______ problems and ____6____.

Back 27

1. subconscious

2. behavior

3. individual

4. subconscious

5. personality

6. disorders

Front 28

What did Freud particularly stress as a motivating force?

Back 28

Sexual desire

Front 29

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what were the three major components to an individual's psychological makeup?

Back 29

1. Id

2. Ego

3. Superego

Front 30

Which is most conscious and producing self-awareness?

Back 30

Ego

Front 31

Which is driven by instinct and basic drives?

Back 31

Id

Front 32

What strives for perfection and appropriate behavior?

Back 32

Superego

Front 33

The ___1___ acts as a ___2___ between the ___3__ and ___4___, which function in ____5____ to each other.

Back 33

1. ego

2. mediator

3. id

4. superego

5. opposition

Front 34

What scientific discipline studies human behavior and how the mind works?

Back 34

Psychology

Front 35

Who is often cited as founding the science of psychology through his overall interest in the working of the human mind?

Back 35

Aristotle!

Front 36

List the 5 techniques psychologists use in their research?

Back 36

1.Naturalistic Observation

2. Survey Method

3. Case Studies

4. Experimental Method

5. Correlational design

Front 37

What are 5 major study areas covered by sociology?

Back 37

1. Population Studies

2. Social behaviors

3. Cultural Influences

4. Social Change

5. Social Institutions

Front 38

Who's major discoveries regarding the origin of the human species during their excavations?

Back 38

The Leakeys- Mary and Louis

Front 39

What did the Leakey's findings change?

Back 39

It changed theories regarding development and evolution of ancient humans

Front 40

List the four main types of anthropology?

Back 40

1. Archeology

2. Social-cultural

3. Biological

4. Linguistics

Front 41

What is important in the anthropological sense because it provides meaning and explanation for various life events and profoundly affects a cultures world views, provides an emotional support for individuals and a sense of community within a group that has a shared views?

Back 41

Religion

Front 42

What are a reference to ways in which societies obtain the necessities of life such as food and shelter?

Back 42

Subsistence patterns

Front 43

The Subsistence pattern of a society is often directly related to what 4 things?

Back 43

1. Economy

2. Population Size

3. Political systems

4. Overall technological development

Front 44

What are the 4 major subsistence patterns?

Back 44

1. Foraging, or hunter-gatherer

2. Pastoralism-- herding

3. Horticulture- small-scale farming

4. Intensive agriculture