Behavior Genetics, Exam 1

Front 1

Qualitative Trait

Back 1

A trait that you have or you don't, an "either-or" trait.

Front 2

Quantitative Trait

Back 2

A phenotype influenced by multiple genes.

Front 3

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Back 3

A chromosomal inheritance on a non-sex gene that is always expressed even if only one copy of the gene is present.

Front 4

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Back 4

A chromosomal inheritance on a non-sex gene that is only expressed if two copies of the gene are present.

Front 5

X-linked recessive inheritance

Back 5

A mutation on an X-chromosome is expressed in males who only have one copy of the X-chromosome. Can be passed down through females who are either heterozygous (carriers) or homozygous.

Front 6

Phenotype

Back 6

Physical or biochemical observable characteristics of a gene.

Front 7

Genotype

Back 7

Individual's collection of genes.

Front 8

Allele

Back 8

Variations of a gene.

Front 9

Dominant

Back 9

Genetic dominance is when a gene is expressed when there is only one present.

Front 10

Recessive

Back 10

A recessive trait/gene is only expressed when there are two present.

Front 11

Heterozygous

Back 11

Presence of different alleles at a given locus on both members of a chromosome pair.

Front 12

Homozygous

Back 12

The presence of the same allele at a given locus on both members of a chromosome pair.

Front 13

Carrier

Back 13

An individual who is heterozygous at a given locus, carrying both a normal allele and a mutant recessive allele, and who appears normal phenotypically.

Front 14

Incomplete Dominance

Back 14

The presence of an allele does not completely dominate the other. Instead, it is a combined phenotype.

Front 15

Heterozygote Advantage

Back 15

A heterozygote genotype generally has higher fitness than either the homozygote dominant or recessive.

Front 16

Karyotype

Back 16

The number and appearance of the chromosomes in the cell of an animal or species.

Front 17

Locus

Back 17

Site of a gene on a chromosome. Latin for "place."

Front 18

Recombination/Crossing over

Back 18

Part of DNA splits off and joins another.

Front 19

Aneuploidy

Back 19

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

Front 20

Monosomy

Back 20

A type of aneuploidy where a chromosome is absent from a pair.

Front 21

Trisomy

Back 21

A form of aneuploidy where an extra copy of a chromosome is present, causing abnormalities.

Front 22

Amino Acid

Back 22

The building blocks of our genetic composition, the step below nucleic acids.

Front 23

Gene

Back 23

a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule.

Front 24

Protein

Back 24

Structural components to the building blocks of the body, made of amino acids.

Front 25

Codon

Back 25

Three nucleotides in sequence.

Front 26

Human Genome Project

Back 26

The project to map the complete human genome, which was successful.

Front 27

Mutation

Back 27

Changing the structure of DNA either by altering the order, deletion, or insertion of base units.

Front 28

Polymorphism

Back 28

The presence of genetic variation within a population, upon which natural selection can operate.

Front 29

Microsatellite repeat polymorphism

Back 29

A repeat of one, two, or three nucleotide bases.

Front 30

SNP

Back 30

Single-nucleotide polymorphism that differs along a DNA sequence.

Front 31

Pleiotropy

Back 31

The production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects.

Front 32

Genetic Heterogeneity

Back 32

The production of a single phenotype by many alleles.

Front 33

Susceptibility Genes

Back 33

Genes that can be triggered by the environment and produce symptoms of a disease.

Front 34

Multifactorial threshold model/liability threshold model

Back 34

A model that posits many contributing factors to a disease, which affects under 1% of a population.

Front 35

Distribution/normal distribution/bimodal distribution

Back 35

A standard distribution for scores or means in a population. The average score covers 68% of a population.

Front 36

Mean

Back 36

The average of scores.

Front 37

Variance and Standard Deviation

Back 37

Variance is how much a score ranges away from the mean/average. Standard deviation is a unit that shows how much variance/variability there is.

Front 38

Correlation

Back 38

A quantity measuring the extent of interdependence between two variables.

Front 39

Causal model

Back 39

A way of describing the causal pieces in a system.

Front 40

Meta-analysis

Back 40

The grouping of many studies' results and compiling them to draw larger conclusions or results.

Front 41

Odds ratio

Back 41

Measure of effect-size, comparing two variables for their strength.

Front 42

Sir Francis Galton

Back 42

*Founder of Behavioral genetics
*Statistics
*Coined phrase “Nature and Nurture”
*Developed the statistical techniques of correlation and regression
*Devised the twin study method *First to use self-report
questionnaires in psychological research

Front 43

Gregor Mendel

Back 43

*First Law -- Law of Segregation -- account for the transmission of single characters.

*Second Law -- Law of Independent Assortment -- account for the joint transmission of two (or more) characters.

Front 44

Thomas Morgan

Back 44

*Discovered sex-linked inheritance
*Helped describe and illustrate recombination

Front 45

James Watson and Francis Crick

Back 45

Discovered DNA in 1953

Front 46

Venter and Collins

Back 46

Maintained leadership in the HGP and completed the mapping of the human genome.

Front 47

Nancy Wexler

Back 47

Found the location of the gene that causes Huntington's Disease.