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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Often the "data" in qualitative studies are...
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the stories that people tell about a certain situation
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Key characteristics of Qualitative Methods:
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- Less structured than quantitative
- Unclear concepts are fair game - Can listen to anything - Can change on the fly - More than one answer - Freedom and flexibility - Open-ended |
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Qualitative research begins as a starting point when there is...
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- A brand new research problem
- A need to describe everything we can see going on |
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Types of Qualitative Research Methods:
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- Participant observation
- Non-participant observation - Interview - Document and artifact analysis |
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Participant Observation
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- A qualitative research method in which the researcher integrates into the scene, becomes a member of the community, and learns a lot from the experience of living in that situation and from communicating with everyone (Ethnography)
- Blends in with community - People may act different if they know they are not part of the crowd |
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Non-Participant Observation
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- A Qualitative research method in which the researcher is secretly observing (undercover detective)
- The researcher is in disguise, hiding, and not participating in the events as they unfold - Works best if story doesn't want to be told - Can be ethnically challenging (consent, privacy, etc.) |
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Open-Ended Interviews
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- Job interview, a reporter on a breaking story, focus groups
- Info. gets filtered based on what they want to say - Can be influenced by other people or people saying what you want to hear - May not be perfect information, but they still learn something from talking to them |
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Document and Artifact Analysis
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- Archeological excavation
- Most literature reviews and historiographies - Starting with evidence in advance |
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Strengths: Qualitative methods can reveal useful answers to complex problems or ....
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- Useful questions to follow up quantitatively
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Weaknesses: Qualitative methods have social effects, because...
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- People may act/talk differently when an outsider gets involved
- Researcher may become close friends with people in the study and try to paint a pretty picture of them |
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Weaknesses: Sampling during a qualitative method is extremely non-random (purposeful choice of who to ask what), so it makes it easier for the researcher to...
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- Take a biased sample with leading questions to confirm their prior expectations (even when there's very little truth to the idea)
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Quantitative Semantic Analysis
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- Uses sophisticated quantitative algorithms to analyze originally qualitative data
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How can scales be split up?
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1) Categorical Variables
a. Nominal (names with no order) b. Ordinal (concepts that have an order) c. Data expressed in words 2) Quantitative Variables a. Data directly expressed in numbers on some kind of a numerical scale (numbers imply equal spacing) |
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After watching through a microscope all day, you see a cell move a certain way which triggers an idea in your mind about what's going on. You were working on an observation and made an idea about what you have seen. What type of logic is this?
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Inductive Logic
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What type of reasoning?
Theory --> Experiment --> Test Hypothesis --> Find out whether the theory is true |
Deductive Reasoning
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Dummy Coding
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- Nominal Variables coded numerically with dummy codes
- Often requires that we give up some information - If only two options (2 different regions called 0 and 1), then it is binary |
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Interval/Approximately Interval
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- Like ordinal, but with EQUAL spacing (ordinal may not have equal spacing)
- Ex) 1,2,3,4 - It's OK if 0 does not have a strict meaning (0 at birth but really development began before birth) |
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Ratio
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- Equal spacing and a "true zero"
- The zero should make sense as absolute absence of the property being measured - Ex) Gestational age would be more of a ratio than birth age |
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Simple mathematics of:
1) Nominal and Ordinal 2) Interval 3) Ratio |
1) Nominal and Ordinal
--> Counting 2) Interval --> Counting, +, -, averaging 3) Ratio --> Counting, +, -, averaging, multiplication, division |
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Central tendency stats of:
1) Nominal and Ordinal 2) Interval 3) Ratio |
1) Nominal and Ordinal
--> Counting for nominal --> Mode and Median for ordinal 2) Interval --> Mode, Median, and Mean 3) Ratio --> Mode, Median, and Mean |
