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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is constitutionally, INBORN, dindividual differences in reactivity and self regulation as observed within the domains of emotionality, motor activity, and attention
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Temperament
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What were the 4 infant temperament constellations that the New York Longitudinal Study came up with?
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1. Easy Child (40%)
2. Slow-to-warm-up child (15%) 3. Difficult Child (10%) 4. No clear cut classification (35%) |
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What were the 4 main characteristics of the "easy child"?
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1. Regular, Adaptable
2. Easy to comfort 3. Responds positively to new experiences 4. Happy |
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What were 4 characteristics of "slow-to-warm up child"?
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1. Slow to adapt to new experiences
2. Rarely showed strong +/- emotions 3. Withdraws from novel stimuli 4. Shy at first, then warms up |
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What are some parenting strategies for slow to warm up kids?
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1. Have clear routines
2. Prepare child for transitions 3. Allow closure of activities |
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What are 4 characteristics of the difficult child?
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1. Irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, etc
2. Moody 3. React negatively to new situations 4. stimulate criticism and negative reactions from caregivers |
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What are some parenting strategies for difficult children?
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1. Recognize rising intensity
2. Use humor 3. Give calm, clear, brief feedback |
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What % of difficult children developed behavior disorders by the age of 9?
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70%
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In the Kagan study, what 2 categories did they exam?
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Inhibited and disinhibited children
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Physiologically, what was characteristic of inhibited children?
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Physiologically more aroused, higher more stable heart rates, large pupils, greater motor tension
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Physiologically, what was seen in disinhibited children?
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Less aroused, slower more variable heart rates, normal pupils, no diff in motor tension
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What was the conclusion of the parent focused intervention for inhibited children?
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Inexpensive intervention could prevent anxiety and related disorders in inhibited children
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What did the number of seconds children waited in the delay gratification marshmellow experiment predict?
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Longer wait meant higher SAT scores and better social cognitive and emotional coping in adolescence
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What are the 6 key concepts of resiliency and vulnerability?
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1. Reciprocal interaction
2. Goodness of fit 3. Poorness of fit 4. Resilency 5. Vulnerability 6. Continuity and change |
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What is reciprocal interaction?
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Children's actions prompts the parent's responses, which in turn prompts the child's responses
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What is goodness of fit?
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When the parent's expectations or demands of the child are in consonance with the child's temperament characteristics and capabilities
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What is poorness of fit?
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When the parent's expectations or demands of the child are NOT in consonance with the child's temperament characteristics and capabilities
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What is resiliency?
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Ability to recover strength, spirits, good humor, etc
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What virtuous cycle takes place in resilent children?
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They attitudes cause people to want to take care of them which in turn makes them have good attitudes
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What is vulnerability?
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Being open to injury, wounding, or attack
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In the monkey study, what was seen in terms of genotype and vulnerability?
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Those monkey with Short/Long serotonin promoter regions were vulnerable
Showed large change in ACTH levels after stressful events |
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What 4 things were seen behaviorally in poorly nurtured rhesus monkeys?
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1. Increased anxiety and depression
2. Excessive alcohol consumption 3. Impulse aggression / Violence 4. Females were poor mothers |
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What 3 biological items were seen in poorly nurtured Rhesus Monkey Infants?
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1. High Cortisol levels in response to mild stress
2. Chronic deficits in serotonin metabolism 3. Disrupted circadian rhythms from cortisol imbalance |
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What was seen in terms of genotype in the Australian cohort study?
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Those with the S/S serototonin transporter gene were more likely to develop depression/suicide as a result of stressful life events
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