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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the most common cancers for men?
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Prostate
Lung Colorectal |
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What are the most common cancers for women?
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Breast
Lung Colorectal |
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What is the role of drug therapy in cancer?
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Treatment for Disseminated cancers
Adjunct to surgery and irradiation for Localized Cancers |
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What is the major problem with chemotherapy?
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Toxicity to normal dividing cells
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What are some characteristics of cancer cells?
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Persistant Proliferation
Invasive Growth Formation of Metastases Immortality |
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What is a Matastase?
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Secondary Tumor that appears at sites distant from the primary tumor
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What causes cancer cells to have persistant proliferation?
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Unresponsive to the feedback mechanisms that regulate cellular proliferation in healthy tissue
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What give cancer cells immortality?
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Telomerase becomes active permitting repeated division of DNA caps
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What cause cancer?
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Activation of oncogenes
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes |
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What is the growth fraction?
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The ration of proliferating cells to G0 cells (resting)
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Chemotherapy drugs are more toxic to tissues with a low growth fraction than to tissues with a high growth fraction.
T or F |
False
Chemotherapy drugs are very less toxic to tissues with a low growth fraction than to tissues with a high growth fraction. |
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Solid tumors have a (low/high) growth fraction while disseminated cancers have a (low/high) growth fraction.
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low
high |
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What normal cells are anticancer drugs most toxic to?
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High Growth Fraction Cells
Bone Marrow GI epithelium Hair Follicles Germinal epithelium of the testes |
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Why are anticancer drugs toxic to high growth fraction normal cells?
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Lack selective toxicity
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What is needed to destroy cancer?
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Eliminate every malignant cell from the body
Each round of therapy is the same dose with the same fraction of cancer cell loss |
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What are some difficulties of cancer chemotherapy?
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Each round of therapy the dosage is the same with a constant percentage loss of cells
Anticancer drugs weaken immune function No way of knowing when to stop therapy |
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What are some challenges of cancer detection?
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Cancer is usually advanced by the time they are large enough to be discovered
May have already metastased |
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Early detection in cancer treatment is important.
T or F |
True
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Why are solid tumors less responsive to anticancer drugs?
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G0 cells do not perform the activities that anticancer cells disrupt
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What is the process of recruitment?
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A solid tumor is reduced by surgery or irradiation and the cells leave G0 phase to start dividing again
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Cancer therapy can develop resistance to the drugs.
T or F |
True
Major cause of therapeutic failure |
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What drug transport protein and confer multiple drug resistance?
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P-glycoprotein
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Are tumor cells are the same type of cell?
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No, there may be subpopulations of dissimilar cells
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Tumors can be difficult to treat due to location or blood supply.
T or F |
True
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How do cancer cells become drug resistant?
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Spontaneous mutations that are not caused by the drug itself but drugs can offer selective pressure favoring mutant cells
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What is the principle of intermittent therapy?
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Normal cells have a chance to repopulate between rounds of therapy
Normal cells must grow faster than malignant cells |
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What are the benefits of combination therapy?
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Suppression of drug resistance
Increased cancer cell kill Reduced injury to normal cells |
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What are the guidelines for cancer chemotherapy drug selection?
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Drugs should have different mechanisms of action with minimally overlapping toxicities
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Why are dosing schedules critical in cancer therapy?
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Drugs are cell phase specific
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What are the major toxicities of chemotherapy?
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Bone Marrow Suppression
Digestive Tract Injury Nausea and Vomiting Others |
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What are the major effects of bone marrow suppresion?
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Infection (Loss of neutrophils)
Bleeding (Loss of thrombocytes) Anemia (Loss of erythrocytes) |
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What can help with the risk of infection?
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Daily examination and cleaning of skin and oral cavity
Stay at home Precautions to prevent nosocomial infection |
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What are the major effects of GI injury?
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Stomatitis
Diarrhea |
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What is stomatitis?
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Inflammation of oral cavity
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What causes diarrhea in cancer chemotherapy patients?
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Epithelial Lining is injured and fluid and solute absorption is impaired
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What can reduce nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients?
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Premedication with antiemetics
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What is alopecia?
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Hair Loss (injury to hair follicles)
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Cancer therapy can cause reproductive toxicity.
T or F |
True
Amenorrhea, Menopausal symptoms, and atrophy of vaginal epithelium Irreversible sterility in males |
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What is Hyperuricemia?
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Excessive level of uric acid in the blood from breakdown of DNA
Injury to the kidneys secondary to deposition of uric acid crystals in tubules |
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What are vesicants?
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Cause severe local injury if they make direct contact with tissues
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Cancer chemotherapy can cause cancer.
T or F |
True
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What must therapy offer for it to be justified?
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Cure, Palliation, or Prolongation of Life
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What is the Karnofsky Performance Scale?
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General Health Status is assessed by this scale
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