Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anatomy |
Science of the structure of living organisms. |
|
|
Physiology |
Science of the functioning of living organisms. |
|
|
Levels of structural organisation |
Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism |
|
|
Chemical |
Atoms (single, element) Molecules (multiple, compound) |
|
|
Organelle |
Complex molecular structures inside a cell each with a specific function |
|
|
Cell |
The smallest living function unit |
|
|
Tissue |
A group of functionally similar cells |
|
|
Organ |
A part of the body formed by two or more tissues, which are adapted to carry out specific functions. |
|
|
Organ System |
A group of organs that work together to perform a complex body function. |
|
|
Organism |
The sum total of all the organ systems functioning together to maintain life.
All body systems work together to form an organism. |
|
|
Microscopic Anatomy |
Structural components which can not be seen with the naked eye. |
|
|
Macroscopic Anatomy |
The organs which can be seen are examined. Can be studied as regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, or surface anatomy. |
|
|
Developmental Anatomy |
Looks at the development of the human being from a single cellular organism to a multicellular organism, from before birth and then throughout the lifespan. |
|
|
Cytology |
Is the study of cells. |
|
|
Histology |
The study of tissues. |
|
|
-ology |
Study of ....... |
|
|
Micro- |
Small, requiring a microscope. |
|
|
Multi- |
Many. |
|
|
Cyt- |
Cell |
|
|
Histo- |
Tissue. |
|
|
Macro- |
Large. |
|
|
Embryo- |
Living being between weeks 8 and 38 in utero. |
|
|
Four types of tissues |
Epithelial Muscle Connective Nervous |
|
|
Organ |
Is a part of the body formed by 2 or more tissues. |
|
|
8 Necessary Life Functions |
Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth |
|
|
Maintaining boundaries |
Separating our internal environment from the external environment. |
|
|
Movement |
Muscular system propels our body which allows it to move to where it needs too, while the skeletal system is the bony formations that give our muscles something to pull on as they work to produce movement. |
|
|
Responsiveness |
The ability to sense changes in the environment and to react to them. |
|
|
Digestion |
The digestive system breaks down food we ingest into smaller molecules that are able to be absorbed by our body, which then sees the nutrient rich blood distributed through the body by the cardiovascular system. |
|
|
Metabolism |
Includes all chemical reactions that occur in the body and is regulated by hormones released by the endocrine system. |
|
|
Excretion |
Getting rid of the waste products from our body. |
|
|
Reproduction |
All organisms must reproduce. The reproductive system is responsible for this and is regulated by hormones excreted from the endocrine system. |
|
|
Growth |
Humans must grow to survive. |
|
|
Transverse |
Parallel to the ground. Separates the superior from the inferior, or put another way the head from the feet. |
|
|
Lateral plane |
It separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back. |
|
|
Sagittal (Anteroposterior) |
Separating left from right. |
|
|
Anatomical Position |
Body standing up straight and facing forward, with arms by the sides of the body and palms facing forward. The legs are straight and the feet are slightly apart from one another and turned outward slightly. This is used as a starting point for describing the body. |
|
|
Generalized Structure of a Cell |
Cytoplasm Nucleus Plasma (cell) Membrane |
|
|
Composition of Cytosol |
Liquid found inside cells, within which all the other cell organelles float. Is mostly water but has solutes dissolved and suspended in it. Suspended in it are organelles - metabolic machinery of the cell, and inclusions depending on the cell type . Also called the intracellular fluid. |
|
|
Mitochondria |
Powerhouse of the cell. Makes the energy the cell needs for its functions (movement, division, secretion). Has a double membrane. Outer membrane is fairly smooth and the inner membrane is in many folds called cristae. Cristae increase the surface area on the inner membrane. Are a complex structure and has it's own DNA with 37 Gene's. |
|
|
Centrosome |
Is an area of the cell where two groups of microtubules (centrioles) are located. During cell division (mitosis) the centrioles duplicate and the centrosome divides. The result being two centrosome, each with it's own pair of centrioles. |
|
|
Golgi |
Golgi apparatus is a membranous structure with a single membrane. Stack of membranous flat sacks that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport within the cell. The larger sacks are surrounded by smaller vesicles which have broken off from the Golgi apparatus. Function of the Golgi apparatus is to package and modify proteins and lipids. The Golgi apparatus receives and exports these molecules and transports them in the cell. |
|
|
Vacuoles |
Play a role in intracellular digestion and release of cellular waste products. Membranous sacks that look like bubbles inside the cell. |
|
|
Lysosomes |
Contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion.
Membranous sack inside the cell. |
|
|
Peroxisomes |
Also have enzymes, but their function is to break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Membranous sack inside the cell. |
|
|
Ribosomes |
Small, round structures, like granules floating in the cytosol or they can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Site of protein synthesis. |
|
|
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Is a continuation of the outer nuclear membrane and is a vast network of membranous vesicles and tubules.
It is called smooth because it appears smooth when looking through an electron microscope.
Has different functions depending on the specific cell type.
Functions include lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium in muscle cell for contraction. |
|
|
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Appears uneven under the electron microscope because of the numerous ribosomes on the surface. Proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes are collected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are then transported throughout the cell. |
|
|
Cytoskeleton |
Consists of microtubules and microfilaments which help to maintain cell shape. Some cells have hair like projections from the plasma membrane with microtubules inside them. Another function is cell motility. This includes the internal movement of cell organelles, cell division and muscle fiber contraction, as well as the locomotion of some cells such as sperm. |
|
|
Eukaryotic |
Refers to the presence of a nucleus in the cell. |
|
|
Nucleus |
Biggest organelle. Control center of the brain. Is surrounded by a double membrane with large pores which allows for communication with the surrounding cytosol. Inside the nucleus is nuclear chromatin, the entire genetic material in a human. Nucleolus is a big structure inside the nucleus which produces ribosomes. Ribosomes then move out of the nucleus into the cytosol where some attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
|
|
Plasma Membrane |
Is not a rigid structure but is rather more fluid. All cells are enclosed in a plasma membrane made up of double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer). Heads of phospholipids are hydrophilic (water-loving). Heads are also polar meaning they attract water (water soluble). Tails are hydrophobic (water-fearing) or non-polar (repel water) and act as a protective barrier. Has proteins embedded in the layer. These proteins include receptors for chemical stimulation and pores responsible for allowing substances to enter and exit the cell. There are also cholesterol and carbohydrate molecules in the structure of the membrane. |
|
|
Functions of Plasma Membrane |
Keeps the shape of the cell; Holds cells together; Receives signals; Communication; Allows some substances to pass in and out; Acts as a boundary to intracellular and extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Chemistry |
Branch of physical science which covers the study of the properties (characteristics) and changes (interactions and reactions) between matter and energy. Molecules, chemicals, test tubes, the periodic table or experiments. |
|
|
Matter |
Exists as solid, fluid (liquids) or gases |
|
|
Energy |
Is the capacity to work. |
|
|
Potential Energy |
Stored energy. |
|
|
Kinetic Energy |
Energy in action. |
|
|
Elements |
Unique substances and are made up of identical particles called atoms. All have the same unique physical and chemical properties. All elements are arranged on the periodic table in order of size or properties. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen make up 96% of the human body. |
|
|
Atoms |
Made up of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. |
|
|
Golden Rules for Atoms |
Protons have a positive electrical charge, neutrons have no charge; The protons and neutrons are in the nucleus; The number of protons give the atomic number; There are the same number of neutrons as protons; The number of protons and neutrons give the atomic mass; Electrons have negative electrical charges; Electrons are found in the orbitals (shells); There are the same number of electrons as there are protons. |
|
|
Atoms |
Want to have 8 electrons on their outer orbital. Share, gain or lose electrons to fill their outer shell, these forces are called bonds. |
|
|
Covalent Bonds |
Created by sharing of electrons. Strong bonds. Electrically neutral |
|
|
Ionic Bonds |
Created when electrons from the outer shell are lost or gained. Weaker than covalent bonds. When the ionic bond breaks up this results in ions, with an electrical charge. |
|
|
Hydrogen Bonds |
Are weak bonds between hydrogen atoms. |
|
|
Cations |
Have a positive charge. |
|
|
Anions |
Have a negative charge. |
