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318 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mot / Path diphtheria
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Habitat in the human throat. Droplet infection. Inhaled, attach to throat, cause inflammation & exudate. Causes lysis of epithelium lining throat, becomes covered with tough greyish pseudomembrane. Exotoxin can lead to hreart failure or paralysis.
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Clinical findings - diphtheria
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - greyish pseudomembrane in throat, can dislodge in young children and obst. airway - death.
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Treatment - diphtheria
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - immidiate antitoxin. penicillin
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Prevention - diphtheria
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - imm. by Diphtheria toxoid (DTaP) as child.
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Listeria monocytogenes - describe
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GP NSF rod
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Listeria monocytogenes - disease
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gastroenteritis
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MOT / Path - Listeria monocytogenes
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gastroenteritis - Org. found in soil and herd animals, ingestion of cont. meats, dairy (even icecream), veggi cont. by animal manure. Psychrophile - withstand cold. immunocom. are at risk. mothers pass to children through placenta - spont abortion.
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Clinical findings - Listeria monocytogenes
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gastroenteritis - watery diahrrhea, fever, abdominal cramps.
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Prevention - Listeria monocytogenes
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gastroenteritis - prop food handling/prep.; avoid unpast. dairy;
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Treatment - Listeria monocytogenes
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gastroenteritis - antibiotics (Apicillin)
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Enteric - define
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From the intestines
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Enterobacteriaceae - define
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Family of GN rods found in colons of animals and humansas normal flora. (ENTERIC)
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Enterobacteriaceae - 4 common features
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Facultative anaerobes, non-spore forming; Oxidase negative (lack cytochrome oxidase enzyme); ferment glucose; variable in ability to ferment lactose
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Escherichia coli - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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E. coli - disease
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UTI, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome
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MT / path UTI
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E. coli - improper wiping or douching in women leads to ascending infection from urethra to bladder. Also indwelling catheters.
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nosocomial
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arises in hospital from treatment.
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MT/path - gastroenteritis from E. coli
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fecal - oral, from strains we are not used to in foreign areas, adhere to mucosa and make enterotoxin
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MT/Path - hemolytic - uremic syndrome
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E. Coli: strain 017:H7 - as in gastroenteritis, comes from undercooked meats and petting zoos, but this starin produces another toxin that causes bloody diarrhea via hemolysis of red blood cells, thee can clog tubes and shut down kidneys - uremia - kidney failure
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Clinical findings - UTI
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E. coli - urine frequency and burning sensation
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clinical findings - gastroenteritis
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E. coli - watery diarrhea
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Clinical findings - hemolytic-uremic syndrome
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E. coli - uremia (renal kidney failure) from hemolysis of large # of red blood cells
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Treatment - UTI
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E. Coli - Antibiotic (Sulafa or Quinolones)
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Treatment - gastroenteritis
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self limiting
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Prevention - E. Coli
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prompt catheter removal, proper douching, avoid unclean water/ uncooked foood, frequent hand washing
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Salmonella enteritidis - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Salmonella enteritidis - disease
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gastroenteritis
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MOT / PAth gatroenteritis from salmonella
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fecal - oral, humans - recovering or chronic carriers shed in stools; animal - eggs and chicken, pets (dogs, iguana), bacteria invade epithelium and of S&L intestine causing inflammation
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Treatment - Salmonella enteritidis
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gastroenteritis - self limiting. fluid and electrolyte replacement
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Prevention - Salmonella enteritidis
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gastroenteritis: public health - proper sewage disposal, water treatment, pools. Personal hygene - hand washing, proper food prep (eggs)
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Causes of Gastroenteritis
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E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella dysenteriae, Campylobacter jujuni, Listeria monocytogenes,
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Which Salmonella does not cause diarrhea?
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Salmonella typhi - causes typhus
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In _________ bacteria are classified by ______________.
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Bergey's Manual / morphological characteristics
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Staphylococcus aureus - disease
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skin infections such as abcesses, conjunctivitis, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, Staphyloccoal scalded skin syndrome, and nonsocomial sepsis
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Staphylococcus aureus - describe
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Gram-Positive cocci
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Staphylococcus aureus - MOT / pathology
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Normal habitat on skin, in nose and sometimes vagina. Transmission by hands or contaminated fomites. Must enter through breaks in skin. Bacteria cause local inflammation or infection resulting in localized lesions such as abscesses or they can produce toxins such as enterotoxin, TSS toxin, or SSSS toxin.
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MOT / Path - Food poisoning
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Staphylococcus aureus- Enterotoxin - results in food poisoning (inflammation in GI track) (vomiting and watery nonbloody diarreha. Food is contaminated and then left at room temp or stored improperly. Staph forms toxin and ingestion of PREFORMED toxin results in FP (incubation of 1-8hrs).
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MOT / path - TSS
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Staphylococcus aureus - TSS toxin - tampons left in too long with staph on them - bacteia reproduce locally, form toxin which enters blood strream. causes fever hypotention and shock.
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MOT / path - SSSS
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Staphylococcus aureus - Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome - SSSS toxin - bacteria enters skin and produce toxin, large vescicles form over the skin and eventually peel off.
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Clinical Findings - SSSS
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Stphylococcus aureus - Extensive areas of large bullae that exfolliate on the skin all over the body.
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Clinical Findings - Food poisoning
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Stphylococcus aureus - Vomiting and watery diarrhea in FP.
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Clinical Findings - Staphylococcus aureus infection
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Localized boils or abscesses on skin.
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Clinical Findings - TSS
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pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, high fever, hypotension and shock.
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Staphylococcus aureus - prevention
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Hand washing, good hygene, proper food storage, frequent tampon change.
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Staphylococcus aureus - treatment
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Penicillin, methicillin for pen. resistant, vancomycin for meth. resistant (MRSA, VRSA must undergo culture and sensitivity testing (rifampin, gentamicin, ot tetracyclene are possible choices.
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Streptococcus pyogenes - describe
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Gram-Positive cocci
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Streptococcus pyogenes - disease
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Pharyngitis (Strep.), Scarlet fever, necrotising fascitis, puerperal sepsis (women giving birth).
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MOT / pathology of STRP throat
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Streptococcus pyogenes - Droplet infection leads to strep. (Strep lives in throat and on skin - cause disease when it gains access to ttissue or blood). Adhere to mucosa of pharynx by pili and if they multiply they cause inflammation (strep).
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MOT/Path - rheumatic fever
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Streptococcus pyogenes - Infection spreads from throat (STREP) to heart.
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MOT/Path scarlet fever
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Streptococcus pyogenes - Bacteria living in throat produce a toxin that enters bloodstream and causes SF
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MOT/ Path necrotizing fasciitis
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Streptococcus pyogenes - bacteria adhere to skin wounds and produce hemolytic enzyme that destroys tissue.
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MOT / Path puerperal sepsis
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Streptococcus pyogenes - bacteria introduced to uterus during childbirth and when placenta peels off it can put toxins into the blood.
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Clinical findings - Pharyngitis
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Streptococcus pyogenes - fever, sore throat, enlarged and tender cervical lymph nodes, whitish spots on pharynx, subsides in 10 days, may progress to rheumatic fever (esp young adults and children.
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Clinical findings - rheumatic fever
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Streptococcus pyogenes - fever, migrating arthritis, carditis which may damage heart valves, heart murmer.
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Clinical findings - scarlet fever
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Streptococcus pyogenes - occurs after strep throat, fever, crimson rash over body
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Clinical findings - necrotising fasciitis
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Strptococcus pyogenes - signs of wound infection and progressive loss of tissue in surrounding area.
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Clinical findings - puerperal sepsis
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Streptococcus pyogenes - mother develops fever within 48 hours of birth, accopmpanied by pelvic pain and discharge
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Diagnosis - Streptococcus pyogenes
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Culture swab from lesions, Antistrptolysin O titers (ASO)
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Prevention - Streptococcus pyogenes
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prompt treatment of STREP to prevent complications, proper hygene during wound care, rheumatic fever - monthly long-acting penicillin injection for years to prevent recurrence
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Treatment - Streptococcus pyogenes
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Penicillin, debridement of infected tissues
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Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - describe
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Gram-Positive cocci
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Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - disease
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Neonatal meningitis and sepsis
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Vibrio parahemolyticus - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Vibrio parahemolyticus - disease
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food toxicity
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Mot / path - food toxicity
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Vibrio parahemolyticus - lives in warm seawater, infection through raw or undercooked seafood, common in Japan
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Clinical findings - food toxicity
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Vibrio parahemolyticus - watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, self limiting (3 days)
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Treatment - food toxicity
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Vibrio parahemolyticus - no specific
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Prevention - food toxicity
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Vibrio parahemolyticus - proper refrigiration and cooking of seafood
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Klebsiella pneumoniae - describe
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Nonsocomial GN rod
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Klebsiella pneumoniae - disease
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Pneumonia and UTI
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MOT / path - Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Pneumonia / UTI - Habitat is upper RT and IT, droplet infection from infected / healthy carriers to those with reduced immunity, UTI from catheterization (hospital is common place to aquire)
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Clinical findings - Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Pneumonia / UTI - fever, cough sputum. urinary frequecy and burning.
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Treatment - Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Pneumonia / UTI - antibiotics according to sensitivity
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Prevention - Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Pneumonia / UTI - prompt removal of urinary catheter
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Proteus vulgaris - describe
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Nonsocomial GN rod
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Proteus vulgaris - disease
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UTI especially hospital-acquired.
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MOT / Path - Proteus vulgaris
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UTI especially hospital-acquired - Organism present in human colon as well as in soil and water. Being highly motile, it colonizes the urethra causing an ascending infection.
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Clinical Findings - Proteus vulgaris
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UTI especially hospital-acquired- Urinary frequency and burning.
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Treatment - Proteus vulgaris
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UTI especially hospital-acquired: Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity.
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Prevention - Proteus vulgaris
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UTI especially hospital-acquired: Prompt removal of urinary catheters.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa - describe
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Nonsocomial GN rod MOST RESISTANT BACTERIA
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa - disease
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Burn sepsis and UTI
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MOT / Path - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Burn sepsis and UTI: Organism found in soil, water, normal flora in colon of humans, and sometimes on the skin in moist areas. It has the ability to grow in simple aqueous solutions, so it can colonize respiratory equipment such as respirators and humidifiers, and can withstand disinfectants. It produces two pigments, one blue and the other green. It is an opportunistic pathogen that contaminates burn wounds where the normal skin barrier has been lost. UTI is usually caused by ascending infection. colonizes the urethra causing an ascending infection.
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Clinical Findings - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Burn sepsis and UTI: Wound infection with pseudomonas will produce a purulent blue-green discharge with a fruity odor. UTI will manifest as urinary frequency and burning.
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Treatment - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Burn sepsis and UTI: Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Pseudomonas is one of the most antibiotic-resistant organisms. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity. Antibiotics according to antibiotic sensitivity.
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Prevention - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Burn sepsis and UTI: Proper hospital sterilizing procedures. Prompt removal of urinary catheters.
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Serratia marcescens - describe
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Nonsocomial GN rod MOST RESISTANT BACTERIA
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Serratia marcescens - disease
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Burn sepsis and UTI Burn sepsis Serratia is similar to Pseudomonas in many ways. The organism produces a characteristic red pigment which may be seen in infected wound discharge.
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Bordetella pertussis - describe
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Respiratory GN rod
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Bordetella pertussis - disease
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Whooping cough
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MOT / Path - Bordetella pertussis
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Whooping cough: Droplet infection by droplets produced during the severe coughing episodes. This disease commonly occurs in infants and children and is becoming rare in the U.S. because of vaccination.
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Clinical Findings - Bordetella pertussis
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Whooping cough: It begins with mild upper respiratory symptoms followed by severe paroxysmal cough. The pattern of cough is characterized by a series of hacking cough that end with a “whooping†sound (similar to the whooping of cranes) when the patient finally takes a breath. It may be complicated by pneumonia or CNS complications.
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Treatment - Bordetella pertussis
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Antibiotics (Erythromycin)
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Prevention - Bordetella pertussis
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DTaP vaccine
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Legionella pneumophilia - describe
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Respiratory GN rod
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Legionella pneumophilia - disease
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Pneumonia
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MOT / Path - Legionella pneumophilia
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Pneumonia: Infection occurs from inhalation of aerosols containing the organism in an infected environmental water source such as air conditioners and water-cooling towers. The name of disease is derived from the breakout of pneumonia among a group of people attending the American Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976. The disease was discovered in the air conditioning in the hotel they were staying. Outbreaks in hospitals occur from infected water taps, sinks and showers. Patients are typically older or immunocompromized.
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Treatment - Legionella pneumophilia
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Pneumonia: such as Erythromycin
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Clinical findings - Legionella pneumophilia
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Pneumonia: and symptoms of pneumonia.
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Prevention - Legionella pneumophilia
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Pneumonia: Reducing aerosols from water sources. Water treatment such as chlorination.
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Rickettsia rickettsii - describe
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Obligate intracellular parasites
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Rickettsia rickettsii - disease
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Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
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Rickettsia rickettsii - MOT / Path
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(RMSF):Dogs and rodents are the reservoir and transmission to humans occurs by tick bites.
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Rickettsia rickettsii - Clinical findings
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(RMSF): Fever, headache and myalgia followed by a petichial rash that appears first on the palms and soles then spreads inwards towards the trunk.
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Rickettsia rickettsii - Treatment
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(RMSF): Antibiotics such as Tetracyclines.
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Rickettsia rickettsii - Prevention
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(RMSF): Prevent exposure to ticks by proper attire and applying insect repellants. Frequent examination of the skin for ticks in exposed individuals.
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Rickettsia prowazeki - describe
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Obligate intracellular parasites
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Rickettsia prowazeki - disease
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Typhus
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Rickettsia prowazeki - MOT / Path
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Typhus: Transmitted by the body louse (plural lice) from infected human source.
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Rickettsia prowazeki - Clinical findings
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#NAME?
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Rickettsia prowazeki - Treatment
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Typhus: Antibiotics
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Rickettsia prowazeki - Prevention
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Typhus: Personal hygiene and eradication of body lice.
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Gardnerella vaginalis - describe
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Obligate intracellular parasites
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Gardnerella vaginalis - disease
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Bacterial vaginosis in women.
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Gardnerella vaginalis - MOT / Path
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Bacterial vaginosis: Not known exactly but risk factors such as use of antibiotics, low estrogen levels, and sexual transmission are considered.
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Gardnerella vaginalis - Clinical findings
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Bacterial vaginosis: Very malodorous thin gray vaginal discharge with local vaginal irritation.
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Gardnerella vaginalis Treatment
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Bacterial vaginosis: Metronidazole
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Dental organisms - 3
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Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia
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NGU (Non-gonococcal Urethritis)-2
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Mycoplasma hominis Ureaplasma urealyticum
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Gram-Positive Cocci (6)
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Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Gram-Negative Cocci
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Neisseria gonorrhea: Neisseria meningitidis:
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Gram-Positive Rods : Spore-forming
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Bacillus anthracis: Bacillus cereus: Clostridium botulinum: Clostridium tetani: Clostridium perfringens: Clostridium difficile:
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Gram-Positive Rods : Non Spore-forming
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Corynebacterium diphtheriaeListeria monocytogenes
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Enteric Gram-Negative Rods
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Shigella dysenteriae: Campylobacter jejuni: Helicobacter pylori: Vibrio cholerae: Cholera Vibrio parahemolyticus/ neurolyticum/vulnificus: Escherichia coli: Salmonella enteritidis: Salmonella typhi:
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Nosocomial Gram-Negative Rods
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Klebsiella pneumoniae: Proteus vulgaris: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Serratia marcescens:
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Respiratory Gram-Negative Rods
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Bordetella pertussis: Heamophilus influenza: Legionella pneumophilia: Pneumonia
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Gram-Negative Rods: Bites from animal sources
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Eikenella corrodens: Pasteurella multocida: Yersinia pestis:
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Mycobacteria
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Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium aviumMycobacterium leprae
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Mycoplasma
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Spirochetes
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Treponema pallidum: Borrelia burgdorferi:
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Obligate intracellular parasites
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Chlamydia trachomatis: Rickettsia rickettsii: Rickettsia prowazeki:
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MOT / Pathology - Neonatal meningitis and sepsis
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Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - Normally inhabitate vagina. Bacteria can colonize the genital tract and cause infection to newborn during birth. Early rupture of membranes and premature birth predispose to this infection.
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clinical findings - Neonatal meningitis and sepsis
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Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B) - newborn will suffer from fever, neck rigidity and later neurological deficit.
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Prevention - Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (groupB)
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Neonatal meningitis / sepsis - if pre-birth vaginal cultures show heavy bacterial colonization mother can be treated with ampicillin. SMAE TREATMENT IF THERE IS EARLY RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES.
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Treatment - Streptococcus agalactiae/dysgalactiae (group B)
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Neonatal meningitis / sepsis - Penicillin
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Streptococcus mutans - describe
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Gram-Positive cocci
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Streptococcus mutans - disease
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Dental caries
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MOT / Path - Dental caries
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Streptococcus mutans - Normally lives in mouth adherant to tooth by means of glycocalyx, multiply forming a biofilm (plaque). produce acid from sugars in saliva that lead to tooth erosion
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clinical findings - Dental caries
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Streptococcus mutans - Cavities
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Prevention - Streptococcus mutans
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Dental caries - Good oral hygene
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Treatment - Streptococcus mutans
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Dental caries - treatment of cavities.
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Streptococcus viridans - describe
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Gram-Positive cocci
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Streptococcus viridans - disease
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Bacterial endocarditis
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MOT / path - Bacterial endocarditis
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Streptococcus viridans - Normaly live in human oropharynx, organisms enter blood stream during dental procedures where the reach ALREADY DAMAGED HEART VALVES (from rhumatic carditas) and cause further valve damage.
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Clinical findings - Bacterial endocarditis
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Streptococcus viridans - Fever and heart murmur
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Prevention - Sreptococcus viridans
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Bacterial endocarditis - Prophylaxis using antibiotics (amoxicillin) pre-operatively
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Streptococcus pneumaniae - describe
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Gram-Positive cocci
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Streptococcus pneumaniae - disease (2)
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Pneumonia, adult bacterial meningitis
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MOT /Path - Pneumonia / adult meningitis
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - GP
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Clinical findings - Pneumonia
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - fever, cough, pulurent sputum
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Clinical findings - adult meningitis
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - fever, headache, vomiting, neck rigidity
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Diagnosis - Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Pneumonia / adult meningitis - Cultures from sputum or cerebrospinal fluid may show organism by gram stain
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Treatment - Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Pneumonia / adult meningitis - Penicillin or erythromycin
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Prevention Pneumonia / adult meningitis
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumoccal vaccine (Pneumovax) one time vaccine given at age 60; Prevnar or PCV - childhood vaccine added in 2001
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Neisseria gonorrhea - describe
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Gram-negative cocci
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Neisseria gonorrhea - diseases
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Genital gonorrhea, opthalmic gonorrhea
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MOT / path genital gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Live in genital tract and STD.
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MOT / path opthalmic gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonatal eye disease, mother with genital gonorrhea living in mucous membrane of tract, as baby is born the eyes are infected by mucous membrane.
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Clinical findings - genital gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Discharge in men and women, may ascend too uterus and cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) and block the uterine tubes.
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MOT / path - opthalmic gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonates will have red, swollen eyes with discharge.
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Diagnosis - Neisseria gonorrhea
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Cultures from discharge stained with GS reveal Gram-negative intracellular diplococci (within white blood cells)
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Treatment - Neisseria gonorrhea
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Genital gonorrhea - ceftriaxone antibiotic. Opthalmic - broad spectrum antibiotic in eyes at birth.
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neisseria gonorrhea - prevention
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Responsible sexual behavior,
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Neisseria meningitidis - describe.
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Gram - negative cocci
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Neisseria meningitidis - diseases
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Adult bacterial meningitis - meningococcal meningitis
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MOT / path - Adult bacterial meningitis
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Neisseria meningitidis - Human host, remains in upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic carriers, droplet infection; after colonising upper RT bacteria reach meningis through the blood.
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meningococcal meningitis - where common?
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Adult bacterial meningitis - army barracks, dorms.
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Adult bacterial meningitis - clinical findings
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NEED
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Diagnosis - Adult bacterial meningitis
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Intracellular Gram-negative diplococci seen in CSF cultures (WBC)
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Treatment - Neisseria meningitidis
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Adult bacterial meningitis - penicillin
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Neissetia meningitidis - Prevention
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meningococcal meningitis - Meningococcal vaccine: given to military and dorm residents; Chemoprophylaxis - Rifampicin or Ceftriaxone (antibiotics)
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Bacillus anthracis - describe
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Spore-forming, Gram - positive rod
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Bacillus anthracis - disease
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Anthrax
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MOT / path - Cutaneous Anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis - Spores live in soil (years), enter animals when stirred up by way of broken skin.
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MOT / path genital gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Live in genital tract and STD.
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MOT / path opthalmic gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonatal eye disease, mother with genital gonorrhea living in mucous membrane of tract, as baby is born the eyes are infected by mucous membrane.
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Clinical findings - genital gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Discharge in men and women, may ascend too uterus and cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) and block the uterine tubes.
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MOT / path - opthalmic gonorrhea
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Neisseria gonorrhea - Neonates will have red, swollen eyes with discharge.
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Diagnosis - Neisseria gonorrhea
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Cultures from discharge stained with GS reveal Gram-negative intracellular diplococci (within white blood cells)
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Treatment - Neisseria gonorrhea
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Genital gonorrhea - ceftriaxone antibiotic. Opthalmic - broad spectrum antibiotic in eyes at birth.
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Neisseria gonorrhea - prevention
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Responsible sexual behavior
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Neisseria meningitidis - describe.
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Gram - negative cocci
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MOT / path - Cutaneous Anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis - Spores live in soil (years), enter animals when stirred up by way of broken skin.
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MOT / path - Pulmonary anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis - spores are inhaled
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Clinical findings - cutaneous anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis - painless ulcer with blck crusty eschar (scab called malignant pustule) surrounded by swelling. may result in bacteremia if not treated (bacteria in the blood) or death.
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Clinical findings - pulmnary anthrax
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starts as mild chest infection which leads quickly to septicemia and shock
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Treatment - Bacillus anthracis
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Pulmonary / cutaneous anthrax - Ciprofloxacin
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Prevention - Bacillus anthracis
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Pulmonary / cutaneous anthrax - protection for farm workers / prophylaxis w/ Ciprofloxacin for those exposed / vaccine available for those at risk
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Bacillus cereus - describe
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Gram-positive spore forming rod
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Bacillus cereus - diseases
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Food poisoining
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MOt / Path Food poisoning Bacillus cereus
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food poisoning - spores in grains (rice) survive steaming / frying, are ingested, produce entertoxin causing FP
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Clinical findings - Bacillus cereus
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FP - vomiting and mild diarrhea
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Treatment - Bacillus cereus
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Self limiting - lasta .5 -1 day
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Prevention - BAcillus cereus
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FP - proper food prep
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Clostridium botulinum - describe
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GP spore-forming rod
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Disease - Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism Image/Sound:
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MOT / PAth Botulism
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Spores in soil contaminate veg. which are canned. spores germ in can (anaerobic) and produce toxin. ingestion of toxin leads to botulism. also in honey.
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Clinical findings - Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism - flaccis paralysis which may lead to death
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Treatment - Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism - Antitoxin
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Prevention - Clostridium botulinum
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Botulism - proper sterilization before canning - chucking cans that hiss@!
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Clostridium tetani - describe
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GP spore-forming rod
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Clostridium tetani - disease
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Tetanus
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MOT/Path - Tetanus
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Clostridium tetani - spores in soil enter wound, form exotoxin, carried to CNS, prevent release inhibitory mediators (glycine) which alloe muscles to relax
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Clinical findings - Tetanus
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Clostridium tetani - strong mucle spasem and spastic paralysis, leads to lockjaw, back arcing and death (paralysis of respiratory muscles)
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Diagnosis - Clostridium tetani
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Tetanus- bacteria isolated from wound show rods w/terminal spore, often called
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Prevention - Clostridium tetani
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tetanus - immunization with tetanus toxoid (DTaP) as child and each 10 years after
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Clostridium perfringens - describe
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Gp spore-forming rod
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Clostridium perfringens - disease
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gas gangrene
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MOT / Path Gas gangrene
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Clostridium perfringens - spores in soil, infect wound, go deep to surface, grows by anaerobic metabolism, produces toxins and gas in tissue, destroys health tissue around wound.
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Gas gangrene - common when/how?
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Motorcycle and roadside accidents
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Clinical findings - Clostridium perfringens
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gas gangrene - foul smelling wound with other infection signs, crepitation (egg shell feel) indicates gas
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Treatment - Clostridium perfringens
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gas gangrene - penicillin and extensive wound debridement
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Prevention - Clostridium perfringens
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gas gangrene - thourough wound cleaning, propylactic penicillin for potential infections
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Clostridium difficile - describe
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GP spore forming rod
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Clostridium difficile - diseases
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pseudomembranous entercolitis
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MOT/Path - Pseudomembranous entercolitis
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Clostridium difficile - present as NF in GI tract (3% norm pop / 30% hospit. asymptotic patients), fecal-oral transmission, prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics kill and supress NF in GI and Clos. diff. flourishes, ascends and forms toxin
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Clinical findings - Clostridium difficile
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Pseudomembranous entercolitis - diarrhea, patch plaque in colon forming
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Treatment - Clostridium difficile
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Pseudomembranous entercolitis - stop antiviotic, fluid replacement, treat with specific C. difficile antibiotic (metronidazole or vancomycin)
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Prevention - Clostridium difficile
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Pseudomembranous entercolitis antibiotics prescribed only as needed for specified period.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - describe
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GP NSF rod
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae - disease
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diphtheria
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Salmonella typhi -describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Salmonella typhi - disease
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Typhoid fever
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MOT / path - typhoid fever
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fecal-oral from humans (recovering food handlers); infec starts in SI spreads through blood to liver, spleen or GB. Those recovered can be chronic carriers in GB.
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Clinical findings - typhoid fever
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Salmonella typhi - fever, headache, mild abdominal pain, constipation. NO DIARRHEA!
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Treatment - typhoid fever
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Salmonella typhi - Antibiotics (Ciptofloxacin)
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Prevention - typhoid fever
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Salmonella typhi - personal hygene, vaccine available for travellers to endemic areas
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Shigella dysenteriae - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Shigella dysenteriae - disease
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gastroenteritis
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MOT / Path - Shigella dysenteriae
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gastroenteritis - fecal-oral from human reservoirs. Highy infectious (ID = 10 organisms). Figers, flies, food, feces. Outbreaks in day-care and mental hospital.
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Clinical findings - Shigells dysenteriae
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gastroenteritis - fever, abdominal crams, BLOODY DIARHEA
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treatment - Shigella dysenteriae
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gastroenteritis - fluid/electrolyte replacement if mild, antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin) if severe
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Prevention - Shigella dysenteriae
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Public health / personal hygene
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Campylobacter jejuni - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Campylobacter jejuni - disease
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gastroenteritis
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MOT / PAth Campylobacter jejuni
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gastroenteritis - fecal-oral from human/animal (poultry); food or water infected with feces is major source
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Clinical findings - Campylobcter jujuni
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gastroenteritis - fever, abdominal cramp, bloody foul-smelling diarrhea
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Treatment - Campylobacter jujuni
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gastroenteritis - Antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin)
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Prevention - Campylobacter jujuni
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gastroenteritis - public health and personal hygene
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Helicobacter pylori - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Helicobacter pylori disease
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gastric ulcer that can lead to carcinoma of stomach
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MOT / Path Helicobacter pylori
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gastric ulcer - live in human stomach, aquired by ingestion. adhere to stomach causing damage. produce ammonia which neut. HCL allowing to live in stomach.
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Clinical findings - gastric ulcer
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Helicobacter pylori - recurrent burning upper abdominal pain after meals (1 hour). may be accomp by bleeding. carcinoma is risk from rep. irritation.
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Treatment - gastric ulcer
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Helicobacter pylori - Antibiotics
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Prevention - gastric ulcer
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Helicobacter pylori - none
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Vibrio cholerae - describe
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Enteric GN rod
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Vibrio cholerae - disease
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cholera
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MOT / path - cholera
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Vibrio cholerae - fecal-oral from human source, epidemics from cont. drinking water, colonize intestine and make enterotoxin
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Clinical findings - cholera
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VIbrio cholerae - massive watery diarrhea, rice water stools, morbidity and death due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance in young/old.
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Treatment - cholera
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Vibrio cholerae - prompt and adequate fluid/electrolyte replacement, antibiotics (tetracyclene) might shorten - not neesary though.
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Prevention - cholera
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Vibrio cholerae - public health, personal hygene
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Eikenella corrodens - describe
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GN rod (BITE)
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Eikenella corrodens - disease
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wound infection from animal bite
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MOT / Path Eiknella corrodens
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wound infection - part of norm flora in human mouth. Infection is secondary to human bites. Goes deep to skin from puncture wound.
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Clin Findings - Eikenella corrodens
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wound infection: local infection signs at bite- redness, pain swelling discharge
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Treatment: Eikenella corrodens
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wound infection: antibiotics (Ampicillin)
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Pasteurella multocida - Disease
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wound infection from animal bite
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Pasteurella multocida - describe
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GN Rod (bite)
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Pasteurella multocida - MOT and Pathology
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wound infection: The organism lives in the mouths of domesticated animals such as dogs and cats and is transmitted by biting. Deep from puncture wound.
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Pasteurella multocida - Clinical Findings
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wound infection: Local signs of infection at the site of the bite, mainly redness, swelling, pain, anddischarge.
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Pasteurella multocida - Treatment
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wound infection: Antibiotics such as Amoxicillin. Prompt cleaning of wound. Animal bites should not be sutured.
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Yersinia pestis - Describe
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GN rod (BITE)
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Yersinia pestis - MOT and Pathology
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#NAME?
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Yersinia pestis - Clinical Findings
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bubonic plague : Fever, myalgia (muscle pain) and prostration. Enlarged tender lymph nodes or signsof pneumonia.
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Yersinia pestis - Treatment
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bubonic plague :Combination of antibiotics.
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Yersinia pestis - Prevention
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bubonic plague : Eradication of infected rodents. Protection from flea bites
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Mycobacteria - describe
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aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - describe
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aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Disease
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB):
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - MOT and Pathology
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): -Droplet infection from patients. -Once in the lungs, the organism causes an initial inflammatory reaction which ultimately subsides, and the organism becomes surrounded by fibrous tissue which may calcify. -initial exposure is asymptomatic in 90% of the population. -Immunocompromized individuals will suffer pulmonary symptoms on initial exposure as the organism invades and destroys lung tissue. R-eactivation of old lesions can also occur several years after the initial exposure if the person becomes immunocompromized e.g. in AIDS patients.- LOVES OXYGEN. LIVE IN LUNG LONG TIME. BREAKS DOWN LUNG GOES TO AIRWAYS - INFECTIOUS.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Clinical Findings
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss over a long period. Cough and hemoptysis (blood-tinged sputum) are characteristic. PPD skin test detects previous exposure. Chest x-ray will reveal active infection mostly in the apex of the lung.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Treatment
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Combination of several antibiotics (3) at the same time because the organism is resistant to multiple drugs. A combination of three antibiotics is usual and treatment may be continuous for 6-12 months. Isoniazid is one of the choices in a combination.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Prevention
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Prevent overcrowding by better housing, adequate aeration, prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. There is a vaccine called BCG not available in the U.S. It is available in other countries.
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Mycobacterium avium - describe
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mycobacterium: aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.
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Mycobacterium avium - Disease
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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B:
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Mycobacterium avium - MOT and Pathology
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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Organism is widely spread in the environment including water and soil. It infects immunocompromized patients such as those infected with AIDS.
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Mycobacterium avium - Clinical Findings
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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Similar to T.B. (Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB): Fever, fatigue, night sweats, and weight loss over a long period. Cough and hemoptysis (blood-tinged sputum) are characteristic. PPD skin test detects previous exposure. Chest x-ray will reveal active infection mostly in the apex of the lung.)
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Mycobacterium avium - Treatment
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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Combination of several antibiotics at the same time because the organism is resistant to multiple drugs. It is common to use as many as six antibiotics for treatment.
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Mycobacterium avium - Prevention
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Pulmonary disease indistinguishable from T.B: Prevent overcrowding by better housing, adequate aeration, prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for immunocompromised individuals.
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Mycobacterium leprae - describe
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mycobacterium: aerobic acid-fast bacilli. They are neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. Very thick cell wall with lipids.
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Mycobacterium leprae - Disease
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Leprosy. The CDC reported 96 cases in the U.S. in 2002
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Hemophilus influenza - disease
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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media (middle ear infection), sinusitis, epiglottitis
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Hemophilus influenza - describe
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Respiratory GN rod
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MOT / Path - Hemophilus influenza
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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Droplet infection. Can cause URI then spread bloodstream through crib. plate to cause meningitis. Several strains. Type B is encapsulated and causes meningitis.
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Treatment - Hemophilus influenza
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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Antibiotics (Ceftriaxone)
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Clinical Findings - Hemophilus influenza
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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Fever, sore throat, runny nose, earache, or meningitis: fever headache, stiff neck, drowsiness. Epiglottitis: inflam. of upper airways rarely leads to life threatening obstruction in young children.
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Perevention - Hemophilus influenza
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Pediatric meningitis between 6mos - 6 years, otis media, sinusitis, epiglottitis: Hib (Hemophilus influenza type B) vaccine. Rifampin is prophylaxis for contacts.
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Mycobacterium leprae - MOT and Pathology
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Leprosy: Prolonged direct contact with patients who have the disease. Infection occurs from nasal or skin secretions. The organism replicates in the skin and reaches the nerves. It causes anesthesia (loss of sensation) and can also cause bone resorption.
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Mycobacterium leprae - Clinical Findings
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Leprosy: Skin lesions such as nodules, loss of sensation, and loss of distal digits from fingers and toes or tip of nose. The disease has a prolonged course and is very disfiguring in nature.
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Mycobacterium leprae - Treatment
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Leprosy: Combination of several antibiotics.
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Mycobacterium leprae - Prevention
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Leprosy: Isolation of patients. Leprosy colonies.
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Mycoplasma - Describe
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smallest bacteria. lack a cell wall (cell membrane acts as wall) and consequently do not stain with Gram stain. cell membrane is made of three layers. Fluorescent stains commonly used to visualize these bacteria.
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Mycoplasma pneumonia - Disease
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atypical or walking pneumonia:
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Mycoplasma pneumonia - describe
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mycoplasma: smallest bacteria. lack a cell wall (cell membrane acts as wall) and consequently do not stain with Gram stain. cell membrane is made of three layers. Fluorescent stains commonly used to visualize these bacteria.
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Mycoplasma pneumonia - MOT and Clinical Findings
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walking pneumonia: Droplet infection, pneumonia characterized by fever, cough, and scanty sputum. Patients may not feel sick enough to seek medical help, meanwhile are a source of infection. common on school campuses. On examination, the chest signs and x-ray appear far worse than the patient. may subside spontaneously in 2 weeks.
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Mycoplasma pneumonia - Treatment
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walking pneumonia: Antibiotics such as Erythromycin may be needed in some cases to shorten the duration of the disease.
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Spirochetes - describe
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Spirochetes are flexible spiral rods that use their axial filament for movement. They are too thin and can be seen only by special stains such as silver impregnation.
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Treponema pallidum - describe
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spirochete
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Treponema pallidum - Disease
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Syphilis:
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Treponema pallidum - MOT and Pathology
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Syphilis: Sexually transmitted disease (STD) in adults. Congenital syphilis occurs when an infected mothers transmits the disease to her fetus.
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Treponema pallidum - Clinical Findings
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Syphilis: 3 stage: 1. primary syphilis the spirochetes will multiply locally causing a painless ulcer on the penis or mouth called chancre 2-10 weeks after exposure. heal spontaneously. 2. One to three months later secondary syphilis may occur with the appearance of a maculopapular rash on the palms and soles. Moist lesions may also appear on the genitals called Condyloma lata, they are full of spirochetes and are highly infective. They too heal spontaneously. One third of cases cure spontaneously, but the rest go through a latent period where there are no symptoms for several years. 3. Some patients progress to a tertiary stage where a Granuloma or Gumma (a rubbery mass or nodule composed of macrophages and neutrophils attacking spirochetes) is formed on the skin, on bones, and in internal organs such as the heart and nervous system (interferes w/ funct).
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Treponema pallidum - Treatment
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Syphilis: Penicillin
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Treponema pallidum - Prevention
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Syphilis: Early detection and treatment. General guidelines for prevention of STDs.
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Borrelia burgdorferi - Disease
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Lyme disease:
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Borrelia burgdorferi - MOT and Pathology
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Lyme disease:Mice and deer are main reservoir. transmitted through tick bites. tick is the vector that transmits the organism from the infected animal to humans during its blood meal. common in the Northeast, Midwest, and Western parts of the U.S.
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Borrelia burgdorferi - Clinical Findings
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Lyme disease: organism will spread from the bite site to the blood stream to various organs. During the acute stage a spreading rash will appear that is circular and clear in the center, commonly called Bull's eye lesion. accompanied by fever and joint pains. If left untreated, damage to the heart and nervous system will occur.
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Borrelia burgdorferi - Treatment
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Lyme disease: Antibiotics such as Tetracyclines (Doxycycline) or Amoxicillin
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Borrelia burgdorferi - Prevention
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Lyme disease: Prevent exposure to ticks by proper attire and applying insect repellants. Rat control.
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Obligate intracellular parasites - describe & name 2
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Chlamydia and Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites. They lack the ability of producing enough energy to grow independently, and therefore can only grow inside host cells.
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Chlamydia trachomatis - describe
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Obligate intracellular parasite
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Disease
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NGU, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), eye infection.
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Chlamydia trachomatis - MOT and Pathology
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NGU, (PID), eye infection: most common cause of bacterial STD in the USA. It can also cause a chronic eye infection called trachoma which is transmitted from finger-to-eye or through infected fomites (inanimate objects like towel, handkerchief,). Newborn babies contract eye infection through the infected birth canal of their mother.
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Clinical Findings
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NGU, (PID), eye infection: NGU in males and cervicitis in females which may progress to infection of the uterine tubes (salpingitis) and PID. Repeated episodes of salpingitis may cause obstruction of the tubes and result in infertility. Trachoma is conjunctivitis that may recur for several years and may end in blindness.
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Treatment
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NGU, (PID), eye infection: Antibiotics such as Erythromycin are usually given to treat Chlamydia when other STDs like Gonorrhea are diagnosed.
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Chlamydia trachomatis - Prevention
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NGU, (PID), eye infection: General guidelines for prevention of STDs.
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Borrelia burgdorferi - Describe
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Spirochete
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salpingitis
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infection of the uterine tubes. Repeated episodes of salpingitis may cause obstruction of the tubes and result in infertility.
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Trachoma
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conjunctivitis that may recur for several years and may end in blindness.
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