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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the endocrine system composed/ consist of. 1 mark |
Glands |
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What do glands do and where: 2 marks |
- They secrete hormones - Directly into the bloodstream. |
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What are the chemicals that glands secreate called |
Hormones |
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What is the purpose of a hormone in the blood 2 marks |
- Blood carries hormone to act on specific target organs
- This is where it produces a effect |
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Compare the endocrine and nervous system 7 marks: 4E: 3N |
Endocrine: - Slower effects - Effect is longer lasting - Directly bloodstream - Uses hormones not electrical impulses
Nervous: - Faster/ more rapid effect - Short term effects - Electrical impulses which travel through neurones
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Where is the ......... located: - pituitary gland - Thyroid gland - Adrenal gland - Pancreas |
- Brain - Top of neck - Above kidneys - lower: Centre of body |
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What is the pituitary gland called |
The master gland |
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Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland 4 marks |
- Secretes several hormones into the blood - in response to body conditions - These hormones stimulate other glands to secrete hormones - Hormones bring about a effecr. |
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It is important that the concentration of glucose is kept as constant as possible Why: 2 marks |
- Glucose is needed by every cell to release energy by respiration - If glucose changes rapidly there can be negative effects on the body. |
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Suggest: Why a blood test for glucose is better than a urine test 1 mark |
- There may be more glucose in blood than urine |
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What is the role of the pancreas 2 mark |
- To monitor and control the blood glucose concentration - Through producing hormones |
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Describe what happens when the blood gluclose levels are high: with someone who has not got diabetes
4 marks |
- The pancreas detect this rise in BGC - Pancreas produces the hormone insulin - Insulin causes glucose to move from blood into the cells. - In Liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage |
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In the liver and muscles what happens with a increase and decrease in blood sugar. 3 marks 1:2 |
+ Excess glucose is converted to glycagon for storage - Glycogen is converted back to glucose and travels back into the bloodstream. |
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Why glycagon for storage 1 mark |
Because it is a insoluable form of storage |
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Descdibe what happens when blood glucose levels are too low 4 marks |
- Receptors in pancreas detect this - Pancreas produces hormone glucagon - glucagon causes glycagon to convert back to glucose - Glucose is released back into blood stream |
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Suggest: Why might the blood glucose level be too low 2 marks |
- Pancreas produced tok much insulin
Or
- Too much Exercise |
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How does glucagon interact with insulin in a negative feedback cycle to control blood glucose levels: 6 mark
State what you need to include as a opening and recite it all |
- Pancreas monitors and controls BGC through the negative feedback cycle
- Mention both 4 markers with increase and decrease recite it now
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Type 1 diabetes what is it caused by: 1 mark |
- Pancreas fails to produce sufficent insulin for body cells to respond to |
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Type 2 diabetes what is it caused by: 1 mark |
When the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by pancreas. |
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What are both diabetes characterised as: 1 mark |
Uncontrolled high BGC |
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How is type 1 diabetes treated: different ways: 2 marks |
- Insulin injections before meals - Pancreas transplants |
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How is type 2 diabetes treated: different ways: 2 marks |
- Carbohydrate controlled diet - More Exercise - Obesity is also a risk factor for diabetes type 2 |
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Describe the endocrine system 2 marks |
- Hormones travel in the bloodstream - Trigger effects on specific target organs |
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Describe what happens in puberty: 2 marks |
- Reproductive hormones cause secondary sexual characteristics to develop - Such as pubic hair |
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What is the main reproductive hormone in women and where is it produced: 2 marks |
- Oestrogen - Produced by the ovarys |
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What is the main reproductive hormone in men and where is it produced: 2 marks |
- Testosterone - Produced by the testes |
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What does the testes stimulate 1 mark |
Sperm production |
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Describe ovulation |
- When 1 mature egg is released every 28 days |
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When does the menstrual cycle / ovulation begin
1 mark |
At puberty |
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State the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle in order |
- FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone - Oestrogen hormone - LH: Luteinising hormone - Progesterone hormone |
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Describe the roles of each hormone in menstrual cycle 6 marks 1: 1: 2: 2 |
- FSH: causes maturation of eggs in ovary - LH: Stimulates egg release
Oestrogen: - Making uterus lining thick snd spongy - Tells Pituitary gland to stop FSH production
Progesterone: - Inhibits FSH and LH production - Maintains thick lining in uterus |
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Describe the menstrual cycle 6 mark
OR
Explain the interactions of hormones in the control of the menstrual cycle |
- Pituitary gland produces FSH - FSH travels to ovary in blood - FSH: Matures the eggs and triggers ovaries to make oestrogen - Oestrogen causes lining of uterus to become thick AND oestrogen stops pituitary gland from releasing more FSH - Pituitary gland now releases LH - LH triggers ovulation (1 mature egg is released) - Ovary now produces progesterone - Progesterone: Inhibits LH and FSH production (no more eggs mature) AND keeps lining of uterus thick (in case fertilised egg) |
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Where is FSH and LH produced or secreted from 1 mark |
Pituitary gland |
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Where is progestrone produced: state its 2 effects 3 marks |
- Ovaries - Inhibits FSH and LH production: to prevent any more maturing and release of eggs - Maintains thickness in uterus lining: incase of fertilised egg implant. |
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If fertilisation does not occur describe what happens. 4 marks |
- Levels of progesterone fall - Uterus shreads and FSH and LH production are allowed - Egg is now released - Woman has a period |
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What happens on the graph when FSH rises |
Oestrogen starts to rise |
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What happens on the graph when Oestrogen rises |
FSH decreases/ falls on graph |
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What day is the LH level at its optimum |
Day 14 |
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What is the time of highest success to get pregnant in the menstrual cycle |
Day 14 to Day 28 |
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What does LH do 1 mark |
Trigger ovulation |
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When progesterone is high what 2 hormones are decreasing |
FSH LH |
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Describe a period 2 marks |
- When fertilisation does not occur - the egg and uterus lining are both released |
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State the 4 official hormonal methods of contraception |
- Oral contraceptive: pill - Injection - Implant - Skin patch |
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What is the purpose of the pill 2 marks |
- To inhibit FSH production - so that the eggs dont mature |
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What is the purpose of the injection, implant, skin patch 2 marks |
- Releases progesterone over a period of time - Inhibits maturation and release of eggs |
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State the 4 non - hormonal methods of contraceptives |
- Barrier methods - IUD: intrauterine devices - Abstainance - Sterilisation |
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What does IUD stand for |
intrauterine devices |
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State the 2 barrier methods and their use 3 marks |
Condom Diaphragm
- Prevent sperm from reaching egg |
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Define spermicide/ spermicidal agents 1 mark
What methods can they be used on 1 mark |
- They kill or disable sperm
- Used with condoms or diaphragms to be more effective |
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Which barrier method protects againest STI or STD |
Condom |
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What might make barrier methods more effective 1 mark |
Spemicide gel |
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Which method is surgical 1 mark |
Sterilisation |
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Who can use IUD men or woman |
Women |
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What is the role of IUDs 2 marks |
- Prevent implantation of an embryo - May release a hormone to reduce chances of fertilisation |
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Describe abstainace as a form of contraception 2 marks |
- Natural form - no sexualintercourse when a egg may be in a oviduct |
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State the main advantages and disadvantages to consider with contraception 8 marks |
- Effectiveness - Conveniance - May forget to take it - Protect against or reduce risk of STI - Break off or slip off - Side effects (increase risk) - How many side effects |
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State the advantage and disadvantage of hormonal contraceptive 3 marks |
A: - Can be highly effective
D: - Most can have side effects - Dont protect against STIs |
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State the advantages and disadvantages of surgical forms of contraception |
A: - Highly effective
D: - Permanant: have to be sure they dont want kids - Difficult to reverse - Dont protect against STIs |
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Describe abstainance 1 mark |
- Refraining from sexual intercourse for time after ovulation (14 to 28) |
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What does the catholic church teach about contraception 2 marks |
- Unethical - Apart from natural method |
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Suggest 2 types of people that my undergo fertility treatment |
- Men with reduced sperm count - Women find it difficult to conceive |
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Suggest 1 reason why women may find it difficult to concieve
1 mark |
Age is a factor: over 50 or 60 perhaps |
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State the 2 types of treatments for infertility |
- Fertility drug - IVF: in-Vitro fertilisation |
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Describe a fertility drug as a treatment got infertility 3 marks |
- FSH and LH is given to a woman - Makes woman ovulate more than usual - Increases chances of fertilisation during sexual intercourse |
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Which treatment takes place outside the body 1 mark |
IVF |
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State 1 benefit to IVF 1 mark |
Allows woman to have a baby of her own |
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Describe IVF as a infertility treatment 6 marks |
- Giving woman FSH and LH - This stimulates the maturation and release of several eggs - Eggs are collected from woman - They are fertlilised with sperm from father - in laboratory - Fertilised eggs develop embryos - 1 or 2 embryos are inserted into woman's uterus (womb)
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State the 3 disadvantages/ factors of fertility treatment |
- Its very emotionally and physically stressful
- Success rates arent high
- It can lead to multiple births |
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Why is multiple births a disadvantage: 1 mark: Because.... |
Because this can be both a risk to the baby and mother |
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What are 2 main disadvantages to IVF treatment |
- IVF is expensive (could be used for cancer treatement)
- Wastes some embryo cells can be seen as unethical |
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Where are the adrenal glanss located 1 mark |
At the top of the kidneys |
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When is adrenline produced and where is it produced 2 marks |
- In times of fear or stress - Produced in: adrenal glands |
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Describe what happens when adrenline hormone is produced 5 marks |
- In times of fear or stress - The heart rate increases - Increases amount of oxygen to brain - increases amount of glucose to muscles - Which prepares the body for fight or flight. |
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State the 2 products needed in aerobic respiration |
Glucose and oxygen |
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Where is the thyroid gland located and what does it produce 2 marks |
- Base of neck - Produces: The hormone thyroxine |
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State the 2 main effects of thyroxine |
- Stimulates the body's basal metabolic rate. - Plays important role in growth and development |
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Define metabolism 2 marks |
The sum of all the chemical reactions: in a cell or body |
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What does thyroxine do in terms of chemical reactions 1 mark |
It makes the chemical reactions take place at a faster rate |
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What is thyroxine controlled by 1 mark |
Negative feedback |
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Why do plants produce hormones 2 marks |
To coordinate and control: - growth - Responses to light and gravity |
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Describe phototropism 2 marks |
- When the tips of the shoots grow towards the direction of light |
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Which part of the shoots is and is not sensitive to light 2 marks |
The tips are sensitive to light
The lower part of shoot is not sensitive to light |
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When the tips of the shoot is covered would the plant grow in the direction of light Yes or No |
No |
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When the tips of the shoot is covered would the plant grow in the direction of light Yes or No |
No |
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Where is auxin produced 2 marks |
In the tips of both the shoots and roots |
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Describe how shoots use auxin to grow towards the light 5 marks |
- Auxin is produced at tip of shoot - Light causes auxin to concentrate on darker side and lower side of tip - Auxin spreads downwards - Cells on darker side grow faster than cells on lighter side - Shoot grows towards light |
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Describe negative feedback in a general way
3 marks |
- When the body detects that the level of a substance
- has gone above or below the normal level
- It triggers a response to bring it back to normal level |
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What is unidirectional light 1 mark |
Light from a single direction |
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What happens in both the roots and shoots when the plant has grown through phototropism and gravitropism. 1 mark |
- The auxin becomes evenly spread again |
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Describe why the shoots and roots bend with unidirectional light 3 marks |
- auxin inhibits growth in roots and promotes growth in shoots
- uneven distribution of auxin causes uneven plant growth
- This results in the roots and shoots bending towards gravity and light |
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Where do the roots and shoots grow 2 marks |
Shoots: grow towards light: against force of gravity
Roots: Grow in direction of gravity |
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What happens to the plant if light is coming in all directions 3 marks |
- It has equal distribution of auxin - All the cells grow at the same rate - so it grows vertically or straight up |
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Describe auxin 3 marks: only need the first point and last point for 2 marks |
- Plant hormone - Causes the elongation of cells in shoots AND bending of roots towards gravity - Controls plant growth by regulating photo and gravi |
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What is another term for gravitropism 1 mark |
Geotropism |
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Describe gravitropism 2 marks |
- Auxin inhibits growth in the roots
- So The roots grow in the direction of gravity |
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Describe germination 2 marks |
- The process at which a organism grows from a seed and sprouts to a spore - after period of dormancy |
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Which side does the root and shoot grow more on when exposed to unidirectional light and state 2 reasons why
6 marks 1:2 1:2 |
Roots: - Side with least auxin: (upper side) - Because auxin inhibits growth - And roots grow towards gravity
Shoots: - Grow more on side with most auxin: lower side - Because auxin promotes growth in shoots - And shoots grow in direction of light |
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Where does the auxin gather or build up in the roots and shoots 1 mark |
- buildup on the lower side |
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Is it the root or shoot where the auxin buildsup on darker side 1 mark |
Tips of Shoots |
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What are gibberellins important in 1 mark |
Initiating seed germination |
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State the 2 uses of ethene |
- Ripening of fruits - Controls cell division |
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State the 3 uses of Gibberellins |
- End seed dormancy - Promote flowering - Increase fruit size - (Speed up germination) not on spec |
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Describe 1 place where might ethene be used 2 marks |
- In the food industry: to control ripening of fruit
- During transport and storage
(suggest: could save businesses money less waste) |
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What is easier to transport unripe / ripe fruits & why 2 marks |
- Unripe bananas (suggest)
- Its more firm: less risk of damage |
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State the 3 ways auxin is used 3 marks |
- As weed killers
- Rooting powders
- Promoting growth in tissue culture
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Describe how auxin being used as rooting powders can effect cloning in plants. 2 marks |
- Encourages roots to grow
- Rooting powder greatly increases the chances of success of the plant growing in cuttings |
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State 2 places where plant growth hormones used |
- Agriculture: growing crops
- Horticulture: growing plants for gardens |
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Why is it important to use plant hormones correctly in agriculture 2 marks |
- If plant hormones are used incorrectly - They can cause damage to the enviroment |
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Describe a seedling 1 mark |
A young plant raised from a seed |
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Why are the heights of full and partial sunlight seedlings similar: 2 marks |
- Because chlorophyll is very efficient at absorbing light - So it doesn't need full sunlight to grow. |
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Why do Seedlings in dark grow the longest: 3 marks |
- Seeds usually germinate underground - Seeds grow rapidly to reach light - Keeping them in dark: Makes them keep wanting to reach light: - So they grow rapidly |
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Why are Seedlings in dark small and yellow: 2 marks |
- Because once the seedlings have used up all their energy store: when reaching for light - They cannot carry out photosynthesis in the dark |
