Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the two different nervous system (innervations) of the sensory-motor system?
|
- myoneural
- sensory-neural |
|
|
What is the innervation of myoneural system?
|
It innervates the skeletal muscle during voluntary movement
|
|
|
What is the innervation of the sensory-neural system?
|
It innervates the sensory endings for touch and pain.
|
|
|
What is the function of the ANS?
|
It controls smooth, cardiac muscle and glandular secretion.
|
|
|
What is an agonist substance?
|
Substance that enhances a receptor.
|
|
|
What is an antagonist receptor?
|
Substance that directly or indirectly blocks a receptor.
|
|
|
What is acetylcholine?
|
Neurotransmitter released from preganglionic nerve fibers of parasympathetic and sympathetic NS and postganglionic nerve fibgers of parasympathetic NS and non muscarinic exocrine/sweat glands.
|
|
|
Acetylcholinesterase
|
enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid
|
|
|
Anticholinesterase
|
compounds such as physostigmine that inhibit acetylcholinesterase resulting in accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse
|
|
|
What is a cholinergic effect?
|
Related to effects on nerve cells or fibers that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. Nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors and non-muscarinic exocrine/sweat gland receptors stimulated by cholinergic nerve fibers.
|
|
|
Cholinomimetic
|
having action similar to acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve fibers
|
|
|
parasympathomimetic
|
compounds (pilocarpine, arecoline, muscarine, physotigmine) whos actions have a similar effect to the stimulations of the parasympathetic NS. similar to cholinomimetic.
|
|
|
muscarinic effects
|
producing effects that resemble postganglionic parasympathetic receptor stimulation
|
|
|
cholinergic blocker
|
compounds that inhibit the action of parasympathetic and/or cholinergic fibers
|
|
|
sympathomimetic
|
compounds (exogenous epinephrine, ephedrine or cocaine) whose actions have physiological effects that is similar to the stimulation of the sympathetic NS
|
|
|
adrenergic
|
related to effects o nerve cells or fibers in the ANS that use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter. molecules whose actions mimic the stimulation of the sympathetic NS
|
|
|
adrenomimetic
|
compounds that have effects similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
What three substances have antagonistic effects on nicotinic myoneural receptors causing muscle paralysis?
|
D-tubocurarine, toxiferine, botox
|
|
|
How does ephedrine stimulate the adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic NS?
|
It directly stimulates the receptors
|
|
|
How does cocaine stimulate the adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic NS?
|
Cocaine increases levels of norepinephrine at the receptors
|
|
|
How does physostigmine cause a cholinomimetic/parasympathomimetic effect?
|
inhibits acetylcholinesterase
|
|
|
Which cholinomimetic compounds directly stimulate the muscarinic receptors?
|
muscarine, pilocarpine, arecoline
|
|
|
What two compounds cause an anticholinergic effect by blocking muscarine receptors?
|
Atropine and scopolamine
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is involved in the parasympathetic NS?
|
Acetylcholine at both the autonomic ganglia and post-ganglionic cholinergic nerve ending
|
|
|
What neurotransmitters are involved in the sympathetic NS?
|
norepinephrine at the post ganglionic adrenergic nerve fiber ending.
Acetylcholine at the autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Do the symp NS and parasymp NS always work independently?
|
no, may work synergistically such as during extreme fear
|
|
|
Is the symp NS catabolic or anabolic?
|
Catabolic
|
|
|
where do the symp NS berves originate?
|
thoraco-lumbar region
|
|
|
What impulses are fired by the endogenous symp response?
|
Ach transmits impulses to ganglia
Ach transmits impulses to cholinergic receptors of sweat glands Norepinephrine transmits impulses at post ganglionic nerve endings in end-organds |
|
|
Is the parasymp NS anabolic or catabolic?
|
anabolic
|
|
|
Where do the parasymp NS nerves originate?
|
cranial-sacral regions
|
|
|
What impulses are fired by the parasymp NS?
|
Ach transmits impulses in ganglia and at post-ganglia cholinergic nerve endings in end-organs
|
|
|
What are the two modes of action of parasymp agents?
|
direct agonistic action on the receptor
inactivation of acetylcholinesterase resulting in accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapse which enhances the receptor. |
|
|
What is the common name of muscarine?
|
amanita, fly agaric mushroom
|
|
|
What is the geography of muscarine?
|
Siberia, N. America
|
|
|
Cultural background of muscarine
|
mushroom eaten by siberian indigenous ppl as hallucinogen.
dried mushrooms repel flies |
|
|
Active compounds of muscarine
|
ibotenic acid, muscinole, muscazone
|
|
|
medical use of muscarine
|
understanding of muscarinic receptors and neurohumoral theory
|
|
|
genus/species of pilocarpine
|
Pilocarpus jaborandi
Pilocarpus microphyllus |
|
|
common name of pilocarpine
|
jaborandi
|
|
|
geography of pilocarpine
|
tropical Americas and West Indies
|
|
|
thnomedical uses if pilocarpine
|
Tupi culture in Brazil chew leaves to induce salivation and sweating
|
|
|
active agent of pilocarpine
|
pilocarpine
|
|
|
Therapeutic uses of pilocarpine
|
- topical application to eye constricts pupil. Tx open-angle glaucoma
- oral administration for dry mouth (xerostoma) - reduce morphine treatment side-effects such as dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention - |
|
|
Common name of Areca catechu
|
betelnut, betel, areca nut
|
|
|
what are the ethnomedical uses of areca catechu?
|
- digestive by increasing salivary and intestinal secretions
- energizer/euphoretic - antihelminthic |
|
|
active compounds of areca catechu
|
- arecoline
- nipecotic acid |
|
|
Therapeutic uses of areca catechu
|
glaucoma (aceclidine)
seizures (gabitril) |
|
|
what plant compound acts as a anticholinesterase?
|
physostigmine from Physostigma venenosum
|
|
|
what synthetic compounds display anticholinesterase activity?
|
- insecticides (parathion, malathion)
- nerve poisons (sarin, tabun) |
|
|
genus/species of physostigmine
|
physostigma venenosum
|
|
|
common name of phytostigmines
|
calabar, ordeal, esere bean
|
|
|
geography of physostigmine plants
|
rainforests of W. Africa
|
|
|
Cultural origin of physostigmine
|
Efik people of Calabar region of S.E. nigeria
|
|
|
ethnomedical use of physostigmine
|
Dry beans as ordeal poison in trials for witchcraft.
reported ability to reveal and destroy witchcraft. |
|
|
Chemical derivatives of physostigmine
|
physostigmine -> neostigmine
neostigmine -> edrophonium |
|
|
Therapeutic use of physostigmine
|
- physostigmine
- glaucoma - antedote for anticholinergic poisoning (atropine) - neostigmine - intestinal stimulant - Tx of myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness from defect in myoneuraql conduction) - edrophonium - diagnose and Tx myasthenia gravis |
|
|
What plant medicines were used by mesopotamia?
|
opium
mandrake henbane hellebore |
|
|
Famous ancient egyptian physician
|
Imhotep - he had a significant amount of empiricism in his philosophy
|
|
|
4 fundamental elements of egyptian medicine
|
earth, air, fire and water
|
|
|
What is the kahun papyrus?
|
A manuscript written about 2000 BC focusing on gynecology and veterinary medicine
|
|
|
What is the most well known egyptian papyrus?
|
Ebers Papyrus (1550 BC)
- medical text book describing how to examine patients, diagnose diseases, establish prognosis, and how to treat. - 876 prescriptions from over 500 substances - henbane, castor oil seed, senna, pomegranite, gentian |
|
|
What are the two primary anticholinergic compounds?
|
atropine and scopolamine
|
|
|
common name of atropa belladonna
|
belladonna
|
|
|
active compounds of atropa belladonna
|
atropine scopolamine
|
|
|
chemical derivatives of tropane alkaloids
|
atropine -> ipatropium bromide (atrovent)
|
|
|
does atropine or scopolmine have stronger effects?
|
scopolmine bc it can cross the BBB
|
|
|
therapeutic use of scopolamine
|
- pupil dilator
- hallucinations |
|
|
therapeutic use of atropine
|
- pupil dilator
- cardiac stimulant - tx of bradycardia - tx of organophosphate or insecticide poisoning atropine-diphenoxylate (lomotil) decreases intestinal motility ot tx diarrhea ipatropium bromie (atrovent) bronchiodilator to treat asthma |
|
|
genus/species of henbane
|
hyoscyamus niger & H. muticans
|
|
|
active compounds of hyoscyamus niger
|
atropine and scopolamine
|
|
|
geography of hyoscyamus niger
|
Eurasia, N. Africa,
|
|
|
therapeutic uses of hyoscyamus niger
|
scopolamine - pupil dilator, motion sickness
atropine - pupil dilator, asthma and instestinal antispasmodic |
|
|
genus/species of mandrake
|
mandragora officinarum
|
|
|
geography of mandrake
|
europe to the himalayan mountains
|
|
|
cultural origins of mandrake
|
- used by many in Europe and Asia
- used in "witches brew" prepared and consumed in Middle Ages in Europe - S. European myth that plant screams when pulled from ground |
|
|
active compounds of mandrake
|
atropine
|
|
|
therapeutic uses of mandrake
|
- antipasmodic
- used as anesthetic in surgery before introduction of ether |
|
|
Datura stramonium common name
|
jimson weed, jamestown weed, thorn apple, wysoccan
|
|
|
geography of Datrum stramonium
|
N. America (native) but naturalized around the world
|
|
|
active compounds of Datrum stramonium
|
scopolamine
atropine |
|
|
therapeutic uses of datrum stramonium
|
atropine
- pupil dilator - antispasmodic scopolamine - pupil dilator - motion sickness |
|
|
What is the common name of brugmansia spp?
|
trumpet flower
|
|
|
ethnomedical use of brugmansia
|
hallucination
|
