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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What leads to attraction? |
- Situational factors: proximity, fear-arousing situations - Interpersonal factors: perceived similarity and complementarity |
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Physical appearance: universal factors |
Aesthetic preferences for symmetry and averageness Gender specific preferences: - Woman: baby face, maturity, wait-to-hip ration - Men: masculinity + but culturally shaped and in the eye of the beholder |
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Parental investment theory |
Evolutionary perspective of being attracted to someone due to fertility cues, genetic quality and resources available |
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Social role theory: |
Encourages role-consistent traits and perferences |
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Evolutionary theory of attachment: Bowlby 1973 |
Children are born biologically pre-programmed to form attachments and proximity with others Separation leads to: protest, despair and detachment Adult relationships follow similar patterns |
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Anxiety/Avoidance Model of attachment: Brennen et al. 1995 |
y axis: high to low anxiety x axis: high to low avoidant High anxiety + High avoidant: Fearful Low anxiety + High avoidant: Dismissive High anxiety + Low avoidant: Preoccupied Low anxiety + Low avoidant: Secure - attachment styles Influence every social interaction |
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The investment model |
Or commitment The degree to which an individual intends to maintain a relationship, factors: - quality of alternatives - investment size |
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Why interaction increases liking |
1. Helps master the world 2. Help us feel connected 3. Mere exposure effect/similarity |
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Why similarity breeds attraction |
1. More likely to be a positive interaction 2. We assume similar others will like us 3. They validate our beliefs and attitudes |
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Exchange relationship |
People exchange rewards in order to receive benefits in return |
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Communal relationship |
People rewards their partner out of direct concern and to show caring |
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Self- disclosure |
Facts about one's life and situation, inner thoughts, feelings and emotions Increase liking and offer opportunities for sympathetic and supportive responses Depth and breadth of relationship increases |
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Interdependence |
A situation in which each person's thoughts, emotions and behaviours influence those of other people. 3 types: cognitive, behavioural and affective |
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Cognitive interdependence |
Differences that typically exist between self-knowledge and knowledge about the other are erased: the partner becomes part of the self |
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Behavioural interdependence |
Change in distributions of rewards: yours and others' needs are indistinguishable and love and support is exchanged |
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Affective interdependence |
Ongoing processes of self-disclosure and sympathetic support -> feelings of trust and acceptance -> closeness -> growing sense of commitment |
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Intimacy
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Positive emotional bond that includes understanding and support; steps: 1. self-disclosure 2. partner conveys acceptance and acknowledgement and understanding 3. You feel understood, valued and esteemed |
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Commitment |
The combined forces (intention to maintain relationship and strong emptional bond) that hold partners together in an enduring relationship |
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What creates and maintains commitment? |
1. Personal satisfaction with relationship 2. Comparison of level of alternatives 3. Barriers to leaving relationship |
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Implicit theories of relationships |
1. Growth belief: conflicts are to be expected and overcome 2. Destiny belief: a romantic partner is inherently compatible |
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Relationships: gender differences |
Different emphasis on rewards offered: Women: intimacy and sharing feelings Men: enjoyable activities |
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Relationships: cultural differences |
(Although most research as been carried out in N. America) relationships are: Western: voluntary, often temporary; romantic love is natural, desirable and necessary Eastern: permanent, unchosen; romantic love has negative connotations |
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Attitudes to sex |
Premarital, extramarital, same-gender |
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Sex in relationships |
Can strengthen and be a focus of conflict |
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Resources for relationship maintenance |
1. Idealisation of partner 2. Commitment 3. Securely attached |
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Types of responses to negative acts |
1. Constructive accommodation: actions that help maintain relationship 2. Destructive accommodation: actions that actively endanger relationship |
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Constructive accomodation |
eg: discuss problems, loyally waiting for improvement, forgiveness (decrease in negative feelings, increase in positive) |
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Vicious cycle of conflict |
Negative attributions and unwillingness to accommodate Responses to destructive behaviour are equally destructive |
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Two constructive approaches to handling conflict in everyday life |
Avoid generalising the parter and focus on concrete actions Communicate about your feelings |
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Creation of a downward spiral of dissatisfaction |
Conflict escalates Partners spend less time together Become less open about inner feelings Growing distance Level of intimacy decreases Relationship no longer provides the feelings of self-validation and acceptance |
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General characteristics of break-ups |
- Lengthly and complex process - Repeated episodes of conflict and reconciliation - Feelings of being victimised - Grief and distress - Longlasting cognitive and emotional consequences |
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Loneliness |
An emotion arising from unmet needs for affection and self-validation from a psychologically intimate relationship |
