Attachment

Front 1

What is reciprocity?

Back 1

Reciprocity is a form of interaction between infant andcaregiver involving mutual responsiveness, with both parties being able toproduce response from each other. This is important for later communication and allows thecaregiver to anticipate infant behaviour”- Brazelton (1979)

Front 2

What is interactional synchrony?

Back 2

Infants coordinate their actions withcaregivers in a kind of conversation. Heimann showed that infants who demonstrate a lot ofimitation from birth onwards have been found to have a better quality ofrelationship at 3 months. However, it isn’t clear whether the imitation is acause or an effect of this early synchrony.

Front 3

Outline Meltzoff & Moore's 1977 study

Back 3

Children 2-3weeks old watched actions with a dummy in first, then without. W/o dummy, the child imitated the caregiver. (Mouth opening, close mouth, tongue out, tongue in)

Found same with infants 2-3 days old

Front 4

Evaluate Meltzoff and Moor's study

Back 4

Kids move their mouths a lot. Combatted by impartial analysis of the video of the kids.

Unreplicable Koepke 1983 couldn't replicate

Abravanel & DeYong (1991) found kids 5-12 weeks didnt respond to objects, so it must be specifically humans.

Heimann (1989) found kids who imitate have better relationships.

Front 5

Describe multiple attachment stage

Back 5

Soon after primary attachment

78% have a secondary attachment 6mnths later

Front 6

Criticise Schaffer and Emerson

Back 6

Unreliable. Based on mother's reports.

Biased sample- working class, Glasgow

Outdated. It's from the 60s, men have different roles now.

Are multiple attachments equivalent? Bowlby monotropy. Rutter 1995 said all are equal.

Stages are too rigid.

Front 7

Outline Lorenz's study 1935

Back 7

Used a clutch of goslings and divided them into 2 groups. 1 group's first sight was the mother but the other saw him. It tested the concept of imprinting.

Later, the imprint never wore off and they were sexually attracted to him too.

Front 8

Outline and evaluate Bowlby's theory of attachment ESSAY PLAN

Back 8

ASCMI

Lorenz SUPPORT

Harlow SUPPORT

Could use Hazen & Shaver SUPPORT

Kagan AGAINST

Grossman&Grossman AGAINST

Apply to abused children- internal working model

Front 9

Outline and evaluate research into the duration of the STM ESSAY PLAN

Back 9

Peterson & Peterson

It was artificial

Could have been due to displacement

Front 10

Outline the learning theory of attachment

Back 10

Classical conditioning (Pavlov)- the mother becomes associated with food

Operant (Skinner)- mother associated with avoiding discomfort of hunger, the child seeks the reward of satisfaction

Front 11

Social learning theory approach to attachment?

Back 11

Bandura introduced SLT

Hay & Vespo (1988) said children imitate their parent's affectionate behavior.

Front 12

Fam, tell me the stages of the strange situation research by Ainsworth

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(1) Mother, baby and experimenter

(2) Mother and baby alone.

(3) Stranger joins mother and infant.

(4) Mother leaves baby and stranger alone.

(5) Mother returns and stranger leaves.

(6) Mother leaves; infant left completely alone

(7) Stranger returns to infant

(8) Mother returns to infant and stranger leaves.

Front 13

What were the features Ainsworth was looking for in the Strange Situations study?

Back 13

Separation anxiety, reunion behaviour, stranger anxiety and eagerness to explore.

Front 14

Evaluate the Strange Situations study

Back 14

Good reliability. In Germany 78% of the children were classified in the same way at ages 1 and 6 years (Wartner et al. 1994).

Lamb et al. (1985) have criticized it for being highly artificial and therefore lacking ecological validity.

Sample is biased, middle class Americans.

Front 15

Stages ofattachment schaffer & emerson 1964

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Asocial

Indiscriminate

Discriminate

Multiple

AID M(e)

Front 16

Criticise the glasgow study

Back 16

Biased SampleAll working class Glaswegians. Self-Report InaccurateMothers may just be insensitive tochild’s cues.

Cultural VariationSagi(1994) foundcloseness with mothers was twice as strong in family arrangements thancollectivist raising; this model is thus only applicable to individualistcultures.s

Front 17

Asocial stage

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0-6 weeks. Infantsindiscriminately enjoy human company and respond equally to any caregiver. Get upsetwhen interaction stops. From 3 months infants smile more at familiar faces andcan be easily comforted by a regular caregiver.

Front 18

Indiscriminate stage

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6 weeks- 6 months: Babies become more “sociable”. They can tell people apart and so begin to form stronger attachments that progress in the next stage. They do not show a fear of strangers.

Front 19

Discriminate stage

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7 months: Begin to show separation anxiety, like crying, when their primary attachment figure leaves. Stranger anxiety begins also. 65% primary to mum, 3% to dad.

Front 20

Multiple attachment stage

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10-11 months: Multiple attachments are formed. Within 1 month of forming primary, 29% had another and after 6 months, 78% had another.

Front 21

Learning theory appraoch?

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CLASSICAL

OPERANT

SLT

Front 22

Outline classical conditioning in attachemtn

Back 22

The food is the UCS,eliciting the UCR. When paired with the mother, the NS, she becomes related tothe UCS to make her into the CS and get the CR.

Front 23

outline operant conditioning in attachment

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Dollard& Miller (1950) said that whenthe infant is hungry it has the drive to reduce that discomfort. When fed, thediscomfort is erased and the food becomes the primary reinforcer of thispositive reinforcement. Through process of classical conditioning, the feederis associated with the positive reinforcement so becomes the secondaryreinforcer. Attachment occurs because the kid wants food.

Front 24

Social Learning Theory in attachment

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Hay & Vespo(1988) said the infant sees theparents’ affectionate behaviour and replicates it so attachment forms.

Front 25

stages of Ainsworth SS 1971

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(1) Mother, baby and experimenter (lasts less than oneminute).(2) Mother and baby alone.(3) Stranger joins mother and infant.(4) Mother leaves baby and stranger alone.(5) Mother returns and stranger leaves.(6) Mother leaves; infant left completely alone.(7) Stranger returns.(8) Mother returns and stranger leaves.

Front 26

evaluate ainsworth SS 1971

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Disorganised: Main & Soloman (1986) found a 4th attachment type when analysing200 SS tapes. This is insecure disorganised, they have no constant attachmenttype. Supported by VanIjzendoorn (1999)who found 15% disorganised.

Sensitivity: Ravel (2001) found low correlationbetween attachment and sensitivity. Applications: Cooper (2005) teachesparents how to respond sensitively to cues and reduced disorganised from 60% to15% and increase secure from 32% to 40%. This has helped improve kids’ lives!

Front 27

outline van ijendorn

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Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) Meta-analysis of 32 studies of attachment in SSstyle. 8 countries. Resistant, Avoidant, Secure. USA 14, 21, 65. China 25, 25,50. Japan 27, 5, 68. Israel 29, 7, 64. Sweden 4, 22, 74. Netherlands 7, 26, 67.GB 3, 22, 75. West Germany 8, 35, 57. Strongest attachment usually to mother.Even in communal African tribes, kids still primarily attach to mother (Tronick 1992).

Front 28

evaluate ijzendoorn

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Grossman (1991): German kids are so avoidant bcof encouraging independency. Takahashi (1990):Found no avoidant kids, support bc of child rearing where Japanese kids arealways with their mums.

Rothbaum (2000): Wecan’t apply the continuity hypothesis here bc concepts of good development indifferent cultures vary (JPN vs USA).

Ijzendoorn& Sagi (2001): These findings can’t be generalised to wholecountries because there’s different cultures within each country. Rural areasare more insecure but inner city get results closer to Western findings.

Front 29

Lisa HasSeveral Big Pretty Kangaroos

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Lorenz, Harlow, Sroufe/Spangles, Belsky& Rovine, Prior & Glaser, Kagan

Evaluation for Bowlby Monotropic theory

Front 30

outline maternal deprivation

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A child has an innate need for Monotropy.A child should receive the continuouscare of the PCG for approximately the first two years of life. If the attachment figure is broken or disrupted duringthe critical two year period thechild will suffer irreversible long-term consequences of this maternaldeprivation. This risk continues untilthe age of five.There is longterm consequences: delinquency, reduced intelligence, increasedaggression, depression, affectionless psychopathy. Short term separation causesPDD. The child’s attachmentrelationship with their primary caregiver leads to the development of the IWM.

Front 31

What is PDD

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Protest: Thechild cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves. They will tryto cling on to the parent to stop them leaving.Despair: Thechild’s protesting begins to stop and they appear to be calmer although stillupset. The child refuses others’ attempts for comfort and often seems withdrawnand uninterested in anything.

Detachment: Ifseparation continues the child will start to engage with other people again.They will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger.

Front 32

evaluate lorenz

Back 32

Leghorn Chicks: Guiton (1966) did this with leghorn chicks and found they imprintedon rubber gloves- showing an innate predisposition to imprint on anything; theysexually imprinted on the gloves, showing long term impacts.

Critical Hours: Hess (1958) showed that although the imprinting process could occuras early as one hour after hatching, the strongest responses occurred between12 and 17 hours after hatching, and that after 32 hours the response wasunlikely to occur at all.Forgiving: Hoffman (1996) said it’s actually a more forgiving mechanism,imprinting is not PERMANENT and SOLID like the above two said it was.

Front 33

evaluate harlow

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Internal Validity: Themothers had different heads, the monkeys could have been simply choosing themore attractive head

Ethics: It’scruel. They’re raised in isolation, mentally damaged, and the long term impactssaw female monkeys become so damaged that they smashed their infant's face intothe floor and rubbed it back and forth.

Animal Studies: We can’t necessarily generalise the findings to humans!

Front 34

Cultural role of father

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Until very recently men were expected to be breadwinners and not to have direct involvement intheir children’s care. Now, Cohn(2014) said that working mothers may mean more attachment to fathers (in reference to theGlasgow Study).

Front 35

aspects of role of the father

Back 35

culture

social

biological

age & gender

Front 36

role of father in social policy

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In the UK, fathers until last year werenot given any paternal leave so the responsibility for child care wasimplicitly given to the mothers. This could change the attachment the childrenmake with their fathers. Also, White and Woollett (1992) said lack of sensitivity from fathersencourages problem-solving in kids. Geiger (1996) said dads are the fun parents, mothers do the work.l

Front 37

role of father in age & gender

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Freeman et al. (2010) found that male children are more likely toprefer their father as an attachment figure than female children.

Front 38

role of father biologically

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Heermann(1994) said women are more receptive toinfant cues. This could be due to the fact that women produce a hormone,oestrogen which increases emotional response to other’s needs. Frodi(1978) found that men’s physiologicalresponse was the same than women’s to children’s crying.

Front 39

Field (1978) MULTIPLE ATTACHEMNT

Back 39

Compared the behaviours of primarycaretaker mothers with primary and secondary caretaker fathers. Face-to-faceinteractions were analysed from video footage with infants at 4 months of age. Observedthat fathers engaged more in game playing and held their infants less.However, primary caretaker fathers engaged in significantly more smiling,imitative grimaces, and imitative vocalizations than did secondarycaretaker fathers and these were comparable with mothers’ behaviour.

Front 40

Grossman (2002) multiple attachments

Back 40

Longitudinal study of44 families comparing the role of fathers’ & mothers’ contribution to theirchildren's attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years. Play sensitivitywas a better predictor of the child's long-term attachment than the earlymeasures of the of attachment type that the infant had with their father.

Front 41

bowlby 1988 multiple attachments & father

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argues that thefather's role tends to be different from the mother’s. A father is morelikely to engage in physically active and novel play than the mother andtends to become his child's preferred play companion. They form their own kindof IWM.

Front 42

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) multiple attachemnt

Back 42

Found thatadditional attachments developed in the months following the 4th stage,observing 31% of infants displaying 5 or more attachments by 18 months.

Front 43

early attachment influences what?

Back 43

friendship

parenting

romantic relationships

mental health

Front 44

early attachment influence on friendship

Back 44

Sroufe, Minnesota Parent Child Study 2005. Those securely attached in childhood ratedhigher in terms of social competence in adolescence.

Front 45

early attachment influence on romantic relationships

Back 45

Hazen and Shaver

56% secure with10year marriage average. 25% avoidant, 6yr marriage average. 19% resistant, 5ymarriage average.

Front 46

early attachment influence on parenting

Back 46

Harlow’s Monkeys never got showed how toparent, so did a very bad job of it. Quinton et al (1985) found that women who experienced early privation diddemonstrate difficulties in parenting (they were less supportive, lesssensitive) compared to women who were not institutionalised.

Front 47

early attachment influence on mental health

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Attachment disorderin which there is no preferred attachment figure and an inability to interactor relate to others; and disinhibited attachment, ref Zeanah (2005).

Front 48

kagan on infant relationships and later life

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Temperament hypothesis (Kagan) which argues that aninfant’s temperament affects the way a parent responds and so may be adetermining factor in infant attachment type. The infant’s temperament mayexplain their issues (good or bad) with relationships in later life.

Front 49

criticise continuity hypothesis

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Reductionist: It assumes that people who areinsecurely attached as infants would have poor quality adult relationships.This is not always the case. Researchers found plenty of people having happyrelationships despite having insecure attachments (Simpson, 2007). Therefore the theory mightbe an oversimplification.

Front 50

evaluate maternal deprivation theory

Back 50

44 JuvenileThieves. Shows IWM importance.PDD: Robertson(1952) observedLaura, a girl in hospital for 8 days and saw the distress caused- his studyhelped change the way hospitals care for kids.

Long TermImpacts: Bifulco et al. (1992) studied 250 women who had lost mothers,through separation or death, before they were 17. They found that loss of theirmother through separation or death doubles the risk of depressive and anxietydisorders in adult women. The rate of depression was the highest in women whosemothers had died before the child reached the age of 6.

Privation vsdeprivation: Critics suchas Rutter have also accused Bowlby of not distinguishing between deprivationand privation – the complete lack of an attachment bond, rather than its loss. Rutterstresses that the quality of the attachment bond is the most important factor,rather than just deprivation in the critical period.

Spitz n wolfSkodak & skeels

Quality ofcare: Rutter(1972) arguesthat deprivation is the disruption of the attachment rather than the physicalseparation. This is supported by Radke-Yarrow (1985) who found that 52% of children whose mothers suffered with depressionwere insecurely attached. Deprivation can be avoided if there is good emotionalcare after separation.

Front 51

procedure 44 juvenile thieves

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Opportunity sample of 88 children selectedfrom the clinic where Bowlby worked. 44 were juvenile thieves, another 44children to act as controls (individuals referred to the clinic because ofemotional problems, but not yet committed any crimes). Each child had their IQtested and the child’s emotional attitudes towards the tests was assessed. Atthe same time a social worker interviewed a parent to record details of thechild’s early life (e.g. periods of separation). Bowlby then conducted aninitial interview with the child and accompanying parent (e.g. diagnosingaffectionless psychopathy).

Front 52

findings 44 Juvenile Theives

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More than half of the juvenile thieveshad been separated from their mothers for longer than six months duringtheir first five years. In the control group only two had had such aseparation. He also found 14 of the young thieves (32%) showed 'affectionlesspsychopathy'. None of the controlgroup were APSYCHS. 86% of the APSYCHS had experienced a long period of maternalseparation before the age of 5 years. 17% of the thieves notdiagnosed as affectionless psychopaths had experienced maternalseparation.

Front 53

evaluate 44 juvenile theives

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Correlation/causation: It concluded affectionless psychopathy was caused bymaternal deprivation. This iscorrelational data and as such only shows a relationship between these twovariables, other external variables, such as family conflict, parental income,education etc. may have affected the behaviour of the 44 thieves, and not, asconcluded, the disruption of the attachment bond. Thus, as Rutter (1972) pointed out, Bowlby’sconclusions were flawed, mixing up cause and effect with correlation.

Bias: Thestudy was vulnerable to researcher bias. Bowlby conducted the psychiatricassessments himself and made the diagnoses of Affectionless Psychopathy. Heknew whether the children were in the ‘theft group’ or the control group.

Front 54

Romanian orphan crisis- Rutter 2010

Back 54

111 Romanian orphansadopted before 2 years. Tested at regular intervals (4, 6, 11, and 15) forphysical, cognitive and social development. Compared to a group of 52 Britishchildren adopted before 6 months. Time of adoption: Romaniankids lagged behind in everything- small, light & mentally retarded.

Age 4: Some caught up, almost all who wereadopted before 6 months were the same as the Brits.

Onwardfrom 4:Those in orphanages past6 months showed deficit still, including disinhibited attachment and strugglesforming friendships.

Front 55

conclusions of Rutter's romanian orphan study?

Back 55

This suggests that the effects ofprivation can be overcome if an attachment is formed within the first 6 months,but after 6 months the negative effects tend to be more permanent.

Front 56

evaluate Rutter Romanian orphan study

Back 56

Conditions: Turner& Lloyd (1995). There was more than just privation, the conditions the kidslived in were atrocious and could have an impact.

Physical& Emotional: Gardener (1972) found that lack of emotional care isthe cause of something called ‘developmental dwarfism’. Skodak & Skeels (1949) foundthat children not given correct care were prone to intellectualunder-functioning.

Long termimpacts: Quinton(1984) compared50 women whose childhoods were spend institutionalised with a control group of50 and found the former were more likely to have put their kids in care. IMW.

Support: Zeanah(2005) tested136 Romanian kids who had spent 90% of their lives in institutions (12-31months) against a control group who had never been institutionalised. Tested inthe Strange Situation classification, it was found that the former group showeda lot of disinhibited attachment.

Front 57

procedure of Hazen and Shaver?

Back 57

620 responses to an ad in a local newspaper. 205 men, 415 women. Asked about attachment experiences in childhood to determine attachment type; then asked about current attachment experiences and situation.

Front 58

Hazen and Shaver findings?

Back 58

56% secure with10year marriage average. 25% avoidant, 6yr marriage average. 19% resistant, 5ymarriage average.

Front 59

evaluate hazen & shaver

Back 59

Inaccurate: It relies on retrospectiveclassification to determine childhood relationships AND relies on answers beingtruthful when it’s all self-report and actually on quite a sensitive topic.

Unrepresentative: The sample was mainly females and allwere self-selecting respondents so findings may not generalise to the rest ofthe population. Plus, respondents were only asked about their most importantromantic relationships so it may not be representative of others.

Closedquestions also don’t represent the full story.