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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic empty weight |
Weight of helo once everything not attached is removed |
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Licensed empty weight |
Basic empty weight excluding engine and transmission oil |
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Maximum gross weight |
Max weight helo can bear safely |
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Internal maximum gross weight |
Max gross weight within the interior of helo, including pilot, passengers, gear, etc. |
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External maximum gross weight |
Weight that can be supported externally by the helo including external winches |
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Center of gravity |
Point where entire weight of helo is average |
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Front loaded center of gravity |
Causes fuselage to tip forward, pulls helo forward making slowing down difficult |
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Aft loaded center of gravity |
Fuselage tips backwards making forward acceleration difficult |
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Collective pitch control |
Used to create lift and control vertical movement |
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Throttle |
Controls the power to the engine, should be adjusted slowly and smoothly |
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Correlator |
Mechanical tool that links the collective to the throttle |
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Governor |
Electronic sensor that tracks the current RPM directly and makes adjustments |
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Cyclic pitch control |
Generates thrust and controls horizontal movement by altering the pitch of the rotor blades |
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Anti torque pedals |
Control the pitch of the tail rotor blades, keeps helo heading constant and allow pilot to change to new heading |
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Trim control |
Used to level an aircraft in pitch and roll while eliminating yaw, counters aerodynamic forces affecting balance of aircraft in flight |
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Angle of attack |
Angle between the relative wind and the chord line |
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Chord line |
Line between the leading and trailing edge of the airfoil |
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Stall angle |
Angle of attack critical angle where drag exceeds lift hurting aerodynamics, usually 20° |
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Four fundamentals of flight |
Straight and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents |
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Turns at low speed |
Performed using anti torque pedals |
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Turns at high speeds |
Cyclic is used to bank the helicopter |
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Climbs and descents |
Collective is used to alter pitch of main rotor blades |
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Position control |
Controlled by the collective, controls position, affected by ground effect during hovering |
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Ground effect |
Reduced drag and increased lift when helo within 1 rotor diameter of ground or fixed wing is near the ground |
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Rate control |
Controlled by anti torque pedals |
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Acceleration control |
Controlled by the cyclic, most difficult in hovering, |
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Weathervane |
When the helo begins to turn due to tail striking the air in sideward flight |
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Takeoff from hover |
5 transitional phases to increase lift, accelerate, and get to straight flight |
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ETL |
Effective translational lift, 16 - 24 knots, stability gained from moving forward |
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Slipping |
Occurs when helos banking angle is too great for rate of turn causing lateral sliding into the turn |
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Skidding |
Occurs when rate of turn too great for angle of bank causing lateral sliding away from turn |
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Leveling off a climb or descent |
10% original rate ideL |
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3 types of helo taxiing |
Hover, air, surface |
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Hover taxiing |
Nearly always no more than 25ft, mostly to reposition aircraft |
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Air taxiing |
Takeoff required, higher speeds and altitudes, usually no more than 100ft |
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Surface taxiing |
Kept entirely on ground, raises helo up light on skids/wheels, yaw occurs, never faster than a brisk walk |
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Fixed wing airfoil |
Surface such as wing, elevator, or aileron designed to help create lift and control aircraft |
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Leading edge |
Front part of wing that separates air, forcing it above or below the wing |
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Trailing edge |
Back of wing where air comes back together |
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Primary flight controls |
Elevators, ailerons, and rudder |
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Secondary flight controls |
Flaps, slats, spoilers, speed brakes, trim system, etc. |
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Flaps |
Allow aircraft to produce more lift at slower speeds and increase maneuverability |
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Spoilers |
Decrease lift for safe landing |
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Slats |
Create additional lift by extending the wing |
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Empennage |
Tail assembly including tail cone, fixed stabilizers, and movable surfaces |
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Fuselage |
Main structure or airframe of aircraft |
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Cowling |
Term for covering of an airplane's engine |
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Truss |
Fuselage made of steel tubing welded together tension and compression loads |
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Monocoque |
Single shell fuselage |
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Semi monocoque |
Combination of truss and monocoque, most common fuselage type |
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Flight envelope |
Capabilities of an aircraft based on it's design in terms of altitude, airspeed, loading factors, and maneuverability |
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Max speed |
Based on air resistance getting lower at higher speeds |
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Climb rate |
Vertical speed of an aircraft which is the increase in altitude in respect to time |
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Climb gradient |
The ratio of the increase in altitude to the horizontal distance |
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Glide ratio |
The ratio of horizontal distance traveled per rate of fall |
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Max altitude |
Service ceiling, determined by aircraft performance and wings |
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Max g-forces |
Varies with each aircraft but is based on design and structural strength |
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Centrifugal force |
Apparent force that pushes rotating bodies away from the center of rotation |
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Centripetal force |
Force that keeps an object a certain distance from the center of rotation |
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Gyroscopic precession |
When the applied force to a rotating object is shown 90° later than where the force was applied |
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Dissymmetry of lift |
Difference in lift between the advancing and retreating blades of rotor system, eliminated with cyclic feathering and blade flapping |
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Transverse flow effect |
Difference in airflow between the forward and aft portions of the rotor disk, results in reduced AOA and lift |
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Coriolis effect |
When an object moving in a rotating system experiences an inertial force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion |
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Clearway |
Specified area after runway clear for aircraft to safely ascend |
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Decision height |
Lowest height in ft in which if a pilot can't see specific visual references, they must stop landing |
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Holding/flying a hold |
Plane flying in oval path above airport waiting for clearance to land |
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Runway visual range |
Distance away from the airport in which a pilot should be able to see runway markings and lights |
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No entry sign |
Red sign, white letters, indicates area planes can't go |
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Runway location sign |
Black sign, yellow letters, displays current runway name |
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Taxiway location sign |
Black sign, yellow letters, displays current taxiway name |
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Direction/runway exit |
Yellow sign, black letters, displays name of upcoming taxiway that plain is about to intersect with |
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Runway sign |
Red sign, white letters, displays name of runway plane is about to intersect with |
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Lighting visibility |
3 miles day, 20 miles night |
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Approach lighting system |
Series of light bars leading up to a runway that assist the pilot with lining up with the runway |
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Runway centerline lights |
Facilitate landing at night or under bad weather, embedded in runway, begin white then alternate red and white and become completely red at end of runway |
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Obstructions/ aircraft warning lights |
Red or white lights used to mark obstructions like cell towers |
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Runway edge lights |
White and highlight boundaries of runway, high medium and low intensity |
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Runway end identifier lights |
Two flashing red lights warning runway is ending |
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Taxiway centerline lights |
Green lights indicating middle of taxiway |
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Taxiway edge lights |
Blue lights denoting edge of taxiway |
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Threshold lights |
Green lights indicating start of runway |
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Visual approach slope indicator (VASI) |
Two sets of lights to be used by aircraft already lined up to runway, indicates if pilot is to high or low |
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Visual flight rules runway (VFR) |
Visual runway, landed completely by pilot sight |
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Localizer type directional aid (LDA) |
Provides localized based instrument approaches due to terrain, usually requiring visual landing once close enough |
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What is the Navy's official motto? |
Semper Constans (always constant, always trustworthy) |
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The Navy's official birthday is? |
13 October 1775 |
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The Navy's first commissioned submarine? |
The USS Holland received in 1900 |
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What/when was the Great White Fleet? |
1907 introduction of 16 battleships |
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What year was the Navy reserve born? |
1915 |
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When/what was D-Day? |
6 June 1944, Operation Overlord in Northern France which forced Nazi surrender |
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What was the Navy's first nuclear submarine? |
USS Nautilis launched in 1954 |
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What was the world's first nuclear aircraft-carrier? |
USS Enterprise launched in 1960's |
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What naval regiment play a critical role in North Vietnam between 1963-1972? |
Navy SEALs |
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What was the first conflict to use ship-to-ship missiles? |
Operation Praying Mantis 1988 against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi |
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AWACS stands for and was used when? |
Airborne Warning and Control System; invaluable during 1990's invasion of Iraq (with Grumman E-2 Hawkeyes |
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What are the Navy's to humanitarian hospital ships? |
USNS Mercy and Comfort |
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What is a Cumshaw? |
exchange of goods/services outside of official procedures to avoid cash payment |
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What is a Ground Tackle? |
necessary equipment when anchoring a ship |
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What is Marlinspike? |
life-size model ship for recruits to practice basic seamanship |
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What is a Scullery? |
area to wash dishes |
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What is a Snipe? |
those working in engineering dept. |
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What is Taps? |
time for sleep |
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What is Athwartships? |
toward a ship's sides |
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What is the Bow or Stem? |
the ship's front |
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What is Port? |
left of ship facing forward |
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What is Starboard? |
right of ship facing forward |
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What is the Stern? |
the rear of the ship |
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What are the three main colors for ship's signal lighting? |
white, red, green |
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What are the four main navigation lights? |
sidelights, stern lights, masthead lights, all-round white lights |
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What are sidelights? |
red (portside) and green (starboard side) lights visible to another vessel approaching from the side or head-on |
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what are the stern lights? |
white lights, seen only from behind or nearly behind vessel |
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what are masthead lights? |
white, shine on both sides and forward; all power-driven vessels required to have them |
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what are all-round lights? |
generally for vessels less than 39.4ft long, combine a mast and stern light to replace sidelights |
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what is the keel? |
the main centerline of the hull, the backbone of the ship; frames are fastened to keel |
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what are frames? |
ribs of ship, gives ship strength and shape |
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What is a littoral combat ship? |
operate near-shore to detect mines, diesel subs, and fast surface crafts |
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what are the types of submarines? |
Attack, Ballistic missile, Guided missile, and deep submergence rescue |
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What is the USS New York |
amphibious transport dock intended to bring home Marine Landed Forces |
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What is ARPA? |
Automatic Radar Plotting Aid; displays ship's position and other vessels nearby |
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What is Automatic Tracking Aid? |
displays info on tracked targets in order to create a planned layout for a safer, collision-free course |
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what is an echo sounder? |
measure's water's depth using sound waves |
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What is GPS? |
introduced in late 90's, Global Positioning System similar to LORAN but from satellites |
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what is a Gyroscopic Compass? |
introduced 1907, compass not effected by earth or ship's magnetic field, always points True North |
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What is LRIT? |
Long-Range Tracking and Identification System; thorough tracking system for ships around the world |
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What is LORAN? |
Long-Range Navigation; nav system from 40's that used pulsed radio transmissions to determine position; decomm'd in 2010 |
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What is RADAR? |
Radio Detection and Ranging; sends out and detects radio waves to locate objects and vessels |
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What is NMOC? |
Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |
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What is NOOC? |
Naval Oceanography Operations Command; operational arm of NMOC, advises Navy on ocean/atmospheric effect on forces |
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What is USNO? |
U.S. Naval Observatory; federal agency for scientific research, NOOC reports findings directly to USNO |
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What is JTWC? |
Joint Typhoon Warning Center; located in Pearl Harbor, works with Navy and Air Force and issues tropical cyclone warnings for Indian Ocean, North-West and South Pacific Ocean since 1959 |
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What is FNMOC? |
Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center; located in Monterrey, CA, shares with US and coalition forces meteorology and oceanO support |
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What is NAVO? |
Naval Oceanographic Office; shares relevent oceanographic knowledge to support US national security and maximize sea power |
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What is Longitude? |
angle of earth's surface that ranges from 0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees at either the north or south poles |
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what is Latitude? |
the imaginary lines that run vertically around the earth call meridians whose purpose is to measure how far east or west any given object is located |
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what is Loxodrome (Rumb Line)? |
and imaginary line that cuts through all meridians at the same angles and is the path taken by a ship or plane that maintains a constant compass direction |
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what is Dead Reckoning (DR)? |
method of navigation used by ships and aircraft using the vessel's last known position - the fix |
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what is Celestial Navigation? |
largely replaced by GPS, ancient science of position fixing with the use of angular measurements taken between the sun, moon, a planet, or a star. Is making a comeback though, to avoid hacking of GPS systems |
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what is Radio Navigation? |
application of radio frequencies to determine the exact position of an object on the earth's surface |
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what is Radar Navigation? |
transmits microwave signals intended to locate other vessels and objects or to help determine the distance between objects or vessels |
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what is Satellite Navigation? |
the system can determine the exact location of objects by using orbiting satellite signals |
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What is the give-way vessel? |
the vessel trailing another, considering to pass; responsible for executing the maneuver safely |
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what is the stand-on vessel? |
the vessel ahead of another considering to pass; can deny the trailing vessel permission to pass |
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what are the passing courtesies between two vessels? |
the give-way sounds 2 horns to request, the stand-on vessels sounds 2 horns to grant or 5 to deny |
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what are passing procedure for two vessels that may collide? |
stand-on vessel has right of way to pass in front of give-way on their portside |
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what are passing procedure for 2 vessels that are head-on? |
both must steer to the right to avoid collision |
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What is COLREGS? |
International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea; contains 3 main section to prevent collisions at sea |
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What are the 3 main COLREGS sections? |
Conduct of Vessels in any Condition of Visibility, Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One-Another, and Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility |
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What is a Fathom? |
6 feet or one-thousandth of a nautical mile |
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What are Fathom Curves (Bathymetric Lines)? |
a grouping of fathoms, like 20 fathoms (120 ft), 50 fathoms (300 ft), 100 fathoms (600 ft), etc. |
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What is a Nautical Mile? |
10 cable-lengths or the equivalent of 1.1508 miles; the distance of 1 NM corresponds to one minute of latitude on a chart |
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what is a Cable Length? |
the length of a ship's cable, approximately 600 ft |
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what is a Knot? |
the measure of speed on water; 1 knot is equivalent to 1 NM per hour |
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What is the Beaufort Scale? |
outdated, refers to: 0 knots = calm; 22-27 knots = strong breeze; 48-55 knots = storm; 64 knots and above = hurricane |
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what are Cardinal Directions? |
exact compass where North is 0, East is 90, South is 180, and West is 270 |
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What is IMSAFE? |
Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotion; Personnel safety checklist to monitor enlisted well-being |
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What is PPE? |
Personal Protective Equipment; Electrical safety equipment accompanied by training on safety and first-aid for electrical shock or trauma |
