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9 Cards in this Set

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Expected Return

E(R) = w1R1 + w2Rq + ...+ wnRn

Standard Deviation ofHistoric Returns (5 steps)

n years of historic annual returns


Step 1: Calculate the mean


Step 2: Subtract mean from each value


Step 3: Square the number from Step 2


Step 4: Add all the squared numbers


Step 5: Divide by n-1

Covariance - define

Measure of the degree to which returns on two risky assets move in tandem.

Expected Return for a Single Stock

Weighted mean of expected outcomes

Variance for a single stock

Squared difference from mean

Relationship between variance and standard deviation

Standard deviation = square root of variance

Efficient Portfolio - definition

One that maximises the rate of return for a given level of risk '

Effect of Correlation - expected return, volatility

- Correlation has no effecton the expected return of a portfolio


- The lower the correlation, the lower the volatility we can obtain. As the correlation decreases, the volatility of the portfolio falls.


- The curve showing the portfolios will bend to the left to a greater degree as correlation increases.

Capital market line

Tangent line to the efficient frontier that passes through the risk-free rate on the expected return axis.