Asexual Reproduction

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It is a method wherein an individual can produce offspring without the involvement of another individual of the same species. The offspring produced are genetically similar or exact copies of the parent (a clone).

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Asexual Reproduction

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Is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth called bud that grows in a specific site in the body of a matured or older species. The new organism will only detach from the parent organism when it is mature and ready to live by itself.

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Budding

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Buds develop due to

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Repeated cell division

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It forms if the food is abundant in the area where the organism lives.

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Buds

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Type of asexual reproduction that is observed among yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisae) and in multicellular animals like the hydra

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Budding

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Is the simplest form of asexual reproduction and the most common among single-celled organisms. It involves the replication of the genetic material and the subsequent division or splitting of the cell into two genetically identical daughters

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Binary Fission

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Binary fission wherein the cell divides across a short axis

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Transverse binary fission

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Binary fission in which the cell divides across a long axis

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Longitudinal binary fission

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Binary fission wherein there's no axis involved in cell division

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Random binary fission

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Binary fission that transpires in paramecium

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Transverse

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Binary fission in euglena

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Longitudinal

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Binary fission in amoeba

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Random

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Asexual reproduction wherein a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. The body of the parent breaks into several pieces in a process called _______. Each of these pieces develops into a complete organism by the process of _________.

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Fragmentation

Autotomy

Regeneration

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Is the ability to grow back any missing parts of the body. This type of reproduction occurs in simple organisms such as planaria, starfish, and corals.

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Regeneration

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Defense mechanism of lizard

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Fragmentation and Regeneration

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Are unicellular structures that are capable of germinating into an individual. They are resistant structures that are adapted for dispersal and surviving for a long period of time when environmental conditions are unfavorable.

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Spores

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Some multicellular plants, such as the ferns and mosses, exhibit complex life cycle referred to as ________. ________ forms a part of their life cycles

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Alternation of generation

Spore formation

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In ferns, spores are haploid structure that grow and develop into a multicellular gamete-producing (gametophyte) called a ___________. Union of the gametes gives rise to the development of the leafy, sprore-producing (sporophyte) fern plant that is commonly seen.

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Prothallus

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In mosses, spores are haploid structures that grow and develop into haploid male and female moss plants that are gametophytes. The ________ is the female sex organ, while the ________ is the male sex organ.

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Archegonium

Antheridium

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Among fungi, any part of the body that can form into a new individual is called a

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Spore

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Asexual reproduction that happens as females produce egg cells that develop into new individuals without fertilization.

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Parthenogenesis

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Form of reproduction that has been observed among some invertebrates like rotifers, many social insects such as ants and honeybees; fish, amphibians, and reptiles; and some birds (though these organisms produce sexually) when mediated by existing environmental conditions

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Parthenogenesis

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Compared to sexual reproduction, the offspring are produced __________ in parthenogenesis

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Faster

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Among __________, the unfertilized eggs give rise to male drones while the fertilized eggs develop into female workers

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Honeybees

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In plants, parthenogenesis is a rare phenomenon and it is referred to as

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Parthenocarpy

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Is a form of asexual reproduction in plants. It is a process by which new individuals are formed not from seeds or spores but from other plant parts. It is also in order to keep particular desirable characteristics

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Vegetative Propagation

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Vegetative propagation can happen naturally or artificially because?

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In most plant tissues meristematic cells are always present

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Are actively dividing and multiplying cells that are capable of differentiation. They are found in growing regions of plants such as apical meristem and lateral meristem

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Meristematic cells

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Found in tip of roots and shoots

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Apical meristem

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Responsible for the increase in length of the plant

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Apical meristem

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Vascular cambium of plants

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Lateral meristem

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Are responsible for the increase in the lateral growth or girth of the plants

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Lateral Meristem

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Is common among herbaceous and wood plants. It involves structural modification of any plant parts (leaf, stem, root) that can contribute to the survival and expansion in the population of the plant species. The new plants that emerged by this method are clones of the original plant.

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Natural Vegetative Propagation

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Runners or Stolons, Suckers, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes, Bulbs, and Notches are all included in

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Natural Vegetative Propagation

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Slender prostate branch with nodes and internodes that grow above the ground. The nodes develop roots and buds that grow into a new plant. Examples are strawberry and grass plants

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Runners or Stolons

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New stems grow from the root base of the existing plant. This new stem develops into a new plant. Examples are banana, dandelion, and rose plants

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Suckers

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Swollen parts of an underground stem with pits or "eyes" where buds grow and develop into new plants. Examples are potato, and root _______ such as sweet potato, yam, carrot, and cassava

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Tubers

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Short, vertical underground stems with nodes and internodes where buds grow and develop into new plants. Examples are taro, cocoyam, and arrowhead

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Corms

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Long, horizontal underground stems with nodes and internodes. An example is ginger

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Rhizomes

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Short, underground stems with fleshh leaves (called scales) that store food. Examples are tulip and onion

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Bulbs

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Structures found at the margins of some leaves where new tiny buds emerge. The buds develop into new plants that detach form _______ and live an independent existence. Examples are begonia and bryophyllum (kalanchoe)

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Notches

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Cutting, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are examples of

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Artificial Vegetative Propagation

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Simplest method of artificial vegetation.

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Cutting

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A shoot or more branches from a parent plant is bent close to the ground enough to be covered with moist soil. After some time, the buried branch or shoot produces adventitious roots and develops into a new plant

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Layering

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Most commonly used method of artificial propagation to improve the variety of fruits. It is a form of regeneration.

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Grafting

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Two plants are used to develop a new plant that contains the combined traits of the parent plants

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Grafting

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A plant with a desirable characteristic that is cut and attached above the also cut stem of the second rooted plant called the stock

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Scion

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Is applied to cover the part where the grafting is done to avoid infection

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Wax

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In this technique, a piece of plant part containing meristematic tissue of a desired plant is cut and sterilized. Then the tissue is placed in a container with a suitable liquid nutrient medium and under proper conditions

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Tissue Culture

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The liquid nutrient medium stimulates the meristem cells to divide rapidly to form a mass of tissue called

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Callus

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The exposure to light and the components of the second or gelatanized nutrient medium initiate the growth of the

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Shoot

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In tissue culture, the third or the solid nutrient medium would initiate the development of the

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Roots

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Starfish, planaria, aphids, slime molds, social insects, and more can reproduce _____________ alternately, depending on the conditions of the environment

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Sexually and asexually

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Reproduction that is an energy and time-conserving process because there is no need to spend time and energy in gamete production and fertilization.

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Asexual Reproduction

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Reproduction that yields a smaller number of offspring, and the entire reproduction takes a longer period of time

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Sexual reproduction

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What are the two ways of spore formation?

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Fragmentation of the existing hyphae

Development of a swelling (sporangium) at the tip of a specialized hypha