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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of theorys are functionalism?
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Structural + Consensus theory
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What do functionalists believe about social order?
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Every social institution has a function that maintains social order
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What is social order?
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The maintenance of a stable society
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What is value consensus?
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Where everyone shares the same norms and values
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What is social solidarity?
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A sense of belonging and community
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Name four ways that society is like a body according to functionalists.
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1. It gradually develops and changes 2. Every part of society/the body has a function to help keep it going 3. All of the parts work together and are interdependent 4. It has mechanisms to deal with problems when they occur |
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What are functional prerequisites?
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Basic needs
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What do functionalists believe about the family?
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It has functions for the individuals and for society as a whole. It helps to fulfil societys functional prerequisites.
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Murdock What was the year for Murdock? |
1949
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Murdock What view did Murdock take? |
Functionalist |
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Murdock How many societies did Murdock study? |
250
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Murdock What did Murdock claim about the nuclear family? |
It is universal
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Murdock What were Murdocks four essential functions of the family? |
1. Sexual 2. Economic 3. Reproduction 4. Educational |
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Parsons What was the year for Parsons? |
1955
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Parsons What view did Parsons take? |
Functionalist
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Parsons What is the 'functional fit theory' |
The family and its functions will adapt to fit the needs of the society it is in
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Parsons What did Parsons focus on the role of and what time period? |
Industrialisation of the family from the late 18th century onwards
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Parsons What type of family did Parsons think was the norm in pre-industrial societies? |
Extended family
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Parsons What type of family did Parsons think was the norm in industrial societies? |
Nuclear family
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Parsons Why does the extended family suit pre-industrial societies? |
- Lived in same village, worked on same farm - Ascribed status of family - Overriding duty to help each other - Produces + consumes resources |
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Parsons Why does the nuclear family suit industrial socieities? |
- Geographically mobile so can urbanise - Achieved status and socially mobile - More isolated from extended family - Consumes resources |
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Parsons What did Parsons say happens when society changes? |
The family loses some of its functions
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Parsons What is structural differentiation? |
When specialist institutions take over functions
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Parsons What are Parson's two basic family functions? |
1. Primary Socialisation 2. The stabilisation of adult personalities |
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Parsons What is primary socialisation? |
Early socialisation and how we lean shared norms and values within society
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Parsons What is the stabilisation of adult personalities? |
Taking the stress away from each other(Adults support each other, adults engaging in childish behaviour with children)
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Parsons What is Parson's 'warm bath theory' ? |
The family takes away the cares and stresses of everyday life like a warm bath
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What is an instrumental role?
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Breadwinner role
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What is an expressive role?
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Housewife role - emotional
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What kind of perspective are the New Right?
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Political perspective
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What kind of government and views are the right wing associated with?
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Conservatives and right wing views
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What kind of values and institutions do the New Right support?
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Traditional ones
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Why do the New Right focus on a reduction of government spending on benefits?
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They support self-reliancy
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How is the New Right similar to functionalism?
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They both focus on the importance of the nuclear family and how it benefits society.
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Why do the New Right believe that the traditional family should remain the dominant family?
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Because they see other family types as inadequate or inferior (especially lone-parent families)
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Murray What was the year for Murray? |
1990
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Murray What view did Murray take? |
The new right |
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Murray What did Murray claim that an increase in lone parents result in? |
A 'culture of dependency'
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Murray What is a 'culture of dependency' |
Where people are dependant on state benefits |
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Murray What does a 'culture of dependency' create? |
An 'underclass'
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Murray What is an 'underclass'? |
The lowest class
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What do the New Right think a lack of the traditional family will result in?
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Social problems
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What evidence do the New Right use to show that the 'family' is in decline?
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An increase in 'fragmented families'
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What are some examples of 'fragmented families'?
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- Lone parent families - Fatherless families - Divorcees - Cohabitation - Gay and lesbian families |
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What are some causes of family decline according to the New Right?
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- A breakdown of 'traditional family values' - Over-generous welfare benefits to single mothers (allows fathers to opt out) - Feminism devalues marriage, domesticity + childrearing - Increased sexual permissiveness - More acceptance of gay couples |
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What (for the New Right) are some consequences of family decline?
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- The 'fragmented family' is no longer performing its functions - Young people underachieving in schools - Young people's anti-social behaviour - Welfare dependency |
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Dennis and Erdos What was the year for Dennis and Erdos? |
2000
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Dennis and Erdos What view did Dennis and Erdos take? |
The New Right
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Dennis and Erdos What did Dennis and Erdos find increasing numbers of? |
Children born outside of marriage or with single mothers
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Dennis and Erdos What are the consequences of the increasing numbers of children with single mothers? |
- Poorer health - Lower educational attainment - Lack of a father figure |
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What kind of theories are Marxism?
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Structural + Consensus theory
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Whose ideas are Marxism based on?
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Karl Marx
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Who do Marxists think societies are unequal and unfair to?
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People of lower social class
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What system do Marxists think is unequal?
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Capitalism
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Who are the Bourgeoisie according to Marxists?
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The upper/ruling class
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Who are the Proletariat according to Marxists?
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The working class
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What do Marxists see society as and why?
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A league table due to the competition between classes
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Who does society benefit in every aspect of how it operates according to Marxists?
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The bourgeoisie
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How do the bourgeoisie make their money?
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Surplus value
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What is surplus value?
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The extra value added by workers as they produce more than they are paid for
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Why do Marxists say that workers carry on even though society is unfair?
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- Everyone is socialised into a ruling class ideology and follows capitalist norms and values - The working class then fail to realise they are being exploited |
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What is false consciousness?
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Where the proletariat don't realise they are being exploited |
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What did Marx believe would eventually happen?
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The workers would revolt and overthrow the bourgeoisie
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What society did Marx believe would happen after the worker's revolution?
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A communist society (an equal society without exploitation or class conflict)
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What do Marxists believe the functions of the family benefit?
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Capitalism
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Engels What was the year for Engels? |
1884
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Engels What view did Engels take? |
Marxist
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Engels When did Engels believe the family arose? |
As capitalism developed and people started to value private property
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Engels Why did Engels believe monogamy became essential? |
Men had to be certain that their legitimate heirs inherited from them and women went along with this for economic security
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Zaretsky What was the year for Zaretsky? |
1976
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Zaretsky What view did Zaretsky take? |
Marxist
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Zaretsky How does Zaretsky say the family benefits capitalsm? |
It provides workers emotional support for coping with their oppression at work. This aids 'false conscoiusness'
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Zaretsky What is 'false consciousness'? |
'False consciousness' is where the proletariat are socialised to not realise they are being oppressed.
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How else (other than Zaretsky) might the family benefit capitalism?
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- reproduces future generations of workers - consumes the products of capitalism - socialises children into the ruling class ideology |
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What kind of theories are feminism?
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Structural and conflict |
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How are feminists like Marxists?
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They believe there is conflict in society and they society as like a league table |
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What do feminists believe the conflict is between?
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Men and women
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What kind of society do feminists believe we live in?
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A patriarchal society
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What is patriarchy?
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Male-dominated
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What do feminists argue that sociology is?
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'Malestream'
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What is 'malestream'?
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It is focused on the concerns of men
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How else might feminists argue that women are disadvantaged in society?
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- Lower pay - Childcare centred around women - Rape culture and domestic abuse - Stereotypes surrounding jobs etc. |
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What do feminists focus on?
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Gender role stereotypes
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According to feminists what roles are men socialised into?
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Dominant breadwinner roles
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According to feminists what roles are women socialised into?
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Submissive housewife roles
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Oakley What was the year for Oakley? |
1985
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Oakley What view did Oakley take? |
Feminist
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Oakley What four ways did Oakley say we are socialised into gender role stereotypes in primary socialisation? |
1. Manipulation 2. Canalisation 3. Verbal appellations 4. Differential activity exposure |
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Oakley What is manipulation? |
Boys and girls are handled differently
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Oakley What is canalisation? |
Boys and girls have different toys and games
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Oakley What is verbal appellations? |
Boys and girls are praised and punished for different things
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Oakley What is differential activity exposure? |
Girls imitate the activities of their mothers and boys imitate the activities of the their fathers
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What are the 3 categories of feminists?
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- Radical - Liberal - Marxist |
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What do radical feminists believe is built into all social institutions, especially the family?
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Patriarchal exploitation
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According to radical feminists, who benefits from the inequality?
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Men
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According to radical feminists, what do all men do?
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Exploit all women
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According to radical feminists, what is the solution to patriarchy?
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Seperatism
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What do Marxist feminists think is patriarchal?
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The capitalist system
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What do Marxist feminists think women are being?
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Doubly exploited by the capitalist system both as women and as workers
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What do Marxist feminists think women are being used for?
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Cheap labour and unpaid domestic labour
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What do liberal feminists want?
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Equality of the sexes
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What are liberal feminists optimistic about?
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That equality can be achieved
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What do liberal feminists realise?
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There has been a steady improvement already
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According to liberal feminists, what are some examples of change happening already?
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- Equal pay act 1970 - Sex discrimination act 1975 |
