Art - Africa, Lesson 6 & 7

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To modify natural forms in a pre-set style or manner

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Stylization

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Conforming to conventional rules or style; non naturalistic

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Convention

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Study of African art refers to

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Sub-Saharan Africa

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Arabs conquered North Africa during

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7th and 8th centuries AD

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Contact with Europeans occured

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15th century

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By this time, entire continent, except Ethiopia was colonized by Europeans

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1900

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European powers began granting independence

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1950s

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Political and social upheaval spread throughout continent

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1975

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The setting of objects, traditions, practices

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Context

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Can discern this only by studying original context of art

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Function

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Results from the dictates of the culture

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Art

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These men have extensive body-decoration habits

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Male warrior, Pokot, Kenya

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Initiated men have elaborate mud-pack hair-dos

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Male warrior, Pokot, Kenya

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Only visual art is practiced in body decoration

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Kau warriors, Sudan

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Limited to males and females of a particular age group (14 to 30)

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Kau warriors, Sudan

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Use of art by a culture

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Function

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A funerary ceremony performed by men

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Dama masquerade

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Masks used in dama

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Kanaga masks and sirige masks

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Earliest documented sculpture from Africa

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Terra-cotta head, Nok, Nigeria

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Style of "Head of a King"

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Idealized naturalism

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Art of Benin was an art of

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Hierarchy

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King, divine

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Oba

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Sculpture for altar honoring mother of king, conventionalized, stylized

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Queen Mother head, Benin, Nigeria

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Special palace altars honored the Oba's ancestors

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Altars

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In this art, strong class distinction: kind, nobles, commoners, slaves

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Royal procession, Fante, Ghana

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Embodiment of power and authority, king

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Nyim

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Special palace altars honored the Oba's (king's) ancestors

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Royal ancestral altar, Benin, Nigeria

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Sculpture used as visual display of taste and wealth of king

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Dancing royal couple, Bangwa, Cameroon

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Carved to help personal problems

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Spirit partner

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Have the ability to interfere with human lives

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Nature spirits

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Primordial couple, founding ancestors, used in communal shrines

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Couple figures, Dogon, Mali

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A sacrifice for and dedicated to Ala, earth goddess, made of yam (fufu)

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Mbari

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Power figure, received power from consecration by a priest

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Nail figure (nkisi n'kondi), Kongo, Zaire

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Embodies spirit, activates unseen forces

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Mask

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Human, animal and abstract masks

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Goli masqueraders, Wan, Ivory Coast

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Worn by princely dignitaries in processions and ceremonies performed at initiation and burial rites

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Mboom mask, Kuba, Zaire

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Intrusive, elaborate king: beaded, shelled mask, hooked extension

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Mwashamboy mask

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Indigenous, crude king: least decoated mask, bulging forehead

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Mboom mask

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Female, most realistic mask, covered with beaded decorations

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Ngaddyamwash mask

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Beaded elephant masks danced by secret societies, exclusively male groups

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Elephant masqueraders, Bamileke, Cameroon

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Images of elephants usually represent

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Royalty

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Masks which means "awesome being"

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Ga or gle, Dan, Liberia

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Way to gain access to political and social power

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Ownership of a mask

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Cheerleader masks, led warriors into battle

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Bugle masks

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Abstracted monkey, synthesizes a number of monkey species

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Kaogle masks, Dan, Sierra Leone

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Powerful secret society for women

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Sande society (mask), Mende, Sierra Leone

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According to legend, women originally had knowledge of these masks, men later took power

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Satimbe mask, Dogon, Mali

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Regional masquerade practiced among the western Yoruba

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Gelede Society dancer mask, Yoruba, Nigeria

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Shrine for imported female spirit, associated with snakes

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Mamy Wata shrine, Igbo, Nigeria

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Meeting house, both for living men and dead ancestors

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Men's meeting house (togu na), Dogon, Mali

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Baule figure, receives sacrifices, so older figures have an accumulation on the surface.

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Nature spirits

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Baule figure, will have a clean, shiny, oiled surface

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Spirit partners

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Representations of the founding ancestors of Dogon culture

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Primordial couple figures

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The earth goddess

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Ala

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The mbari house is made of

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Fufu or yam

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Mba means

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Village or town

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Ari means

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To eat

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Mbari means

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The town eats

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Miniatures, smaller versions of the performance masks

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Passport masks

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The two most powerful secret societies of the Mende people are

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Poro and Sande

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Society for males

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Poro

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The female society

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Sande

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A female masking society in which women wear the wooden helmet masks

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Sande

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Sacred masks, and exclusively for women, although males carve them.

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Sowei masks

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Idealizations of the Mende standards of feminine beauty

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Sowei masks

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One mask used in dama

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Kanaga masks

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A double-barreled cross, with short elements at the tips

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The form of kanagais

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Another mask used in dama. Sometimes called “ladder to heaven”

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Sirige masks

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Yoruba are ruled by a king, called the

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Oni

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A masquerade practiced among the western Yoruba and is unusual because it is not a sacred masquerade

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Gelede

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The Kuba people of Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) are comprised of seventeen small kingdoms which all owe allegiance to the king, called the

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Nyim

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Mende masks are worn by

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Women as teachers

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The nkisi n'kondi are power figures found in which of the following societies?

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Kongo

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Who can use the nkisi n'kondi?

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Consecrated priests

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The asye usu or bush spirits are part of the visual vocabulary of the

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Baule

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Which of the following has a strong earlier artistic tradition?

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Benin

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In Benin iconography, wisdom, good judgment, and divine guidance for the kingdom are represented by

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The head of the king

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A linguist's staff is carried by which of the following?

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Important counselor

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A rich tradition of akua'ba is associated with which of the following groups

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Akan

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A gifted Yoruba sculptor from the early 20th century.

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Olowe of Ise

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Which of the following describes the most recurrent Senufo mask theme?

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Small face with fine features

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Poro society is associated with which of the following groups?

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Senufo

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In this group, women control the use of the masks and dance with them.

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Mende

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The "Beautiful Lady" mask is associated with which of the following?

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Senufo

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In Mende society, what does the turtle signify?

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Underwater home

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The togu na is associated with the

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Dogon

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In which society do the men spend a great deal of time creating elaborate hairstyles?

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Samburu

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Mwashamboy, Bwoom, and Ngady Amwaash are masks that can be found at

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Kuba festivals

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The masks of Mende Sowie represent

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female spirits

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Satimbe masks represent all women in this society

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Dogon

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Mende masks are worn by

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women as teachers

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Iy'oba

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Benin queen mother

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Oba

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An African sacred king

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Ndop

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portrait figure of a seated Kuba king

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Nyim

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A Kuba king

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Thermoluminescence

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A method of dating by measuring amounts of radiation found in clay

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Masquerades

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In Africa, a dancing ceremony in which the participants wear masks

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Saltcellars

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A salt dispenser

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Scarification

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Decorative markings on the human body made by cutting or piercing the flesh to create scars

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Oni

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An African ruler

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Asye usu

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Baule (Côte d’Ivoire) bush spirits

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Nduen fobara

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A Kalabari Ijaw (Nigeria) ancestral screen in honor of a deceased chief of a trading house

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Ogoga

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A Yoruba king

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Togu na

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"House of words". A Dogon (Mali) men's house where deliberations vital to community welfare take place.

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Mbulu ngulu

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The wood-and-metal reliquary guardian figures of the Kota of Gabon.

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Waka sran

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"People of wood", Baule (Côte d’Ivoire) wood figural sculptures

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Mbari

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A ceremonial Igbo (Nigeria) house built about every 50 years in honor of the earth goddess Ala

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Akua'ba

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"Akua's child." A Ghanan image of a young girl.

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Biere

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The wooden reliquary guardian figures of the Fang in Gabon and Cameroon

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Satimbe

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"Sister on the head". A Dogon (Mali) mask representing all women.

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Bocio

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A Fon (Republic of Benin) empowerment figure

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Nkisi n'kondi

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A power figure carved by the Kongo people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Such images embodied spirits believed to heal and give life or capable of inflicting harm or death.

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Pfemba

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A Yombe (Democratic Republic of Congo) mother-and-child group.

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Ci wara

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The legendary wild antelope that taught humans the secrets of agriculture, portrayed in abstract Bamana headdresses used in masquerades

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D'mba

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A Baga mask of the mother of fertility in the form of a head and breasts of a woman, worn over the shoulders and with a raffia skirt concealing the dancer's identity

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Linguist's staff

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In Africa, a staff carried by a person authorized to speak for a chief or king

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Which of the following groups of peoples produced the earliest sculpture in the round?

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The Nok

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The plaque that portrays the oba on horseback is from this society

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Benin

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Nok sculpture is made from

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Terracotta

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The Benin king established diplomatic relations with

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Portuguese

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The equestrian fly-whisk handle is an object of prestige from the

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Igbo-Ukwu

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These people made export goods exclusively for the European market.

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Sapi

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Ife figures focused mainly on

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Sacred kingship

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The Benin kingdom was located in what modern country?

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Nigeria

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Which of the following is considered the cradle of Yoruba?

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Ife

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Which of the following describes an export item the Portuguese would have commissioned?

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Saltcellar

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When did Christianity arrive in the highlands of Ethiopia?

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Fourth century

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A walled town that hosted several ethnic groups and many specialist workshops

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Djenne

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Among the Igbo-Ukwu, facial striping represents

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Marks of titles status

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Scars intentionally created to form patterns on the flesh are called

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Scarification

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Name the complex that was a royal residence for the ruler, his wives, and nobles and included a court for ceremonial gatherings

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Great Zimbabwe

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The floodplain of the Niger River in the western Sudan was

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The fertile crescent

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In Benin mythology this is responsible for wealth and creativity

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Olokun

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The kings of Benin trace their lineage to the

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Yoruba

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In the Great Zimbabwe tradition, a crocodile was thought to represent

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A deceased ruler who is now a messenger

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In Benin iconography this is the seat of kingly will and power

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The king's head