Arb

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STONES USUALLY BLOCKS OR PIECES OF THE BASIC MATERIAL ROCK.

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BUILDING STONES

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CALSSIFICATION Rock can be divided into three (3) general categories

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1. IGNEOUS

2. SEDIMENTARY

3. METAMORPHIC

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formed as the result of the cooling of molten matter

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IGNEOUS ROCKS

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formed by the action of water either by depositing minerals at the bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth's surface.

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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rocks changed from their original structure by the action of extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these forces

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS

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Building stones examples (8 AGLTMSSS)

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1. ARGILLITE

2. GRANITE

3. LIMESTONE

4. TRAVERTINE

5. MARBLE

6. SERPENTINE

7. SANDSTONE

8. SLATE ROCK

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one formed ·from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for floor tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior windowsills.

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ARGILLITE

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is of igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish. For use in flooring wall paneling, column and mullion facings, stair treads or flagstone. Comes in colors of red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white and brown.

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GRANITE

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is a sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented calcareous stone formed of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage lines and uniform in structure and· composition.

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LIMESTONE

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a limestone which is rich in magnesium carbonate and frequently somewhat crystalline in character and crystalline limestone-is predominantly composed of calcium or carbonate crystals it has high compressive and tensile strength. Very low in absorption and has a smooth texture. The color is a uniform light gray.

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Dolomitic

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a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It has been formed at the earth's surface through the evaporation of water from hot springs. It is used as an interior decorative stone because of its pleasing texture and its tendency to show small, natural pockets on a cut surface.

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TRAVERTINE

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Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this case, limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble. Famous types are carrara parian, numidiam, onyx, vermont, colors are from yellow, white, shades of gray to black, violet, red and green used for wall or column facing and for flooring.

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MARBLE

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a class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown, red. Texture range from very fi11e to very coarse, and some are quite porous with as much as 30 percent of their volume composed of pores.

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SANDSTONE

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formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers. A unique characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated into thin tough sheets, called slates, 1 I 4 in. or more thick. Slates are black. green, red, gray or purple. Slate is commonly used for flooring, windowsills and stools, stair treads, facing.

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SLATE ROCK

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Is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into wires) and malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets). These properties are the result of the metallic bond between the atoms or molecules of the metal.

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METALS

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Has iron in its composition. It is magnetic. Comes from a Latin word 'ferrum’ means iron.

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FERROUS METALS

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Without iron in its composition. Use of magnet. Malleability

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NON-FERROUS METALS

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examples of ferrous metalsmetals (3)

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1. STEEL

2. CAST IRON

3. STAINLESS STEEL

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examples of non-ferrous metals (7)

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1.ALUMINUM

2. COPPER

3. LEAD

4. ZINC

5. TIN

6. GOLD

7. SILVER

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An alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance. world's most important engineering and construction material. high tensile strength and low cost

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STEEL

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Type of Metals (9)

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1. STEEL

2. ALLOY STEEL

3. STAINLESS STEEL

4. IRON

5. CAST IRON

6. WROUGHT IRON

7. ALUMINUM

8. BRONZE

9. LEAD

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A type of steel alloyed with several elements such as molybdenum, manganese, nickel, chromium, vanadium, silicon, and boron that increase strength, hardness, wear resistance, and toughness

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ALLOY STEEL

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Made primarily from iron and carbon in a two-step process. The addition of chromium (cr) and other alloying elements such as nickel (Ni) to create a corrosion-resistant this product

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STAINLESS STEEL

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It is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-grey in colour • the tenth most abundant element in the universe • chemical element, metal of group 8 (VIIIB) of the periodic table, the most-used and cheapest metal

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IRON

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An alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus

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CAST IRON

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A soft, ductile, fibrous variety that is produced from a semi fused mass of Relatively pure iron globules partially surrounded by slag usually contains less than 0.1 percent carbon and 1 or 2 percent slag

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WROUGHT IRON

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most abundant metallic element inearth's crust and the most widely used nonferrous metal • it is hard, ductile, malleable, and lustrous with a high melting and boiling point

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ALUMINUM

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An alloy traditionally composed of copper and tin • Modern bronze is typically 88 percent copper and about 12 percent tin bronze is of exceptional historical interest and still finds wide applications

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BRONZE

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A heavy metal that is denser than most common materials • It is soft and malleable and has a relatively low melting point. When • Freshly cut, lead is a shiny gray with a hint of blue.

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LEAD

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A hard brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer; while molten, may be blown, drawn, rolled, pressed or cast to a variety of shapes.

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GLASS

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The action, process, or trade of fitting windows with glass

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GLAZING

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Glass Type According to Manner of Manufacturing (4)

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1. ANNEALED GLASS

2. HEAT STRENGTHENED GLASS

3. TEMPERED OR TOUGHENED GLASS

4. LAMINATED GLASS

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a basic product formed from the annealing stage of the float process. The molten glass is allowed to cool slowly in a controlled way until it reaches room temperature, relieving any internal stresses in the glass

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ANNEALED GLASS

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is semi tempered or semi toughened glass. The heat strengthening process involves heating annealed glass back up to about 650 to 700 degrees Celsius and then cooling it quickly, although not as fast as with toughened glass.

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HEAT STRENGTHENED GLASS

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This is the most common type of glass used in balustrades or similar structural applications.

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TEMPERED OR TOUGHENED GLASS

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The most commonly used finished product is two sheets of this type of glass manufacturing, laminated together with a 1.52mm thick Polyiynil Butyral (PVB) interlayer.

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LAMINATED GLASS

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Different type of glass(6)

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1. INSULATED GLAZING

2. STAINED GLASS

3. GLASS BLOCKS OR GLASS BRICKS

4. GLASS WOOL

5. ARCHITECTURAL GLASS

6. CHEMICALLY STRENGTHENED GLASS

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consists of two or more glass window panes separated by a space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope.

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INSULATED GLASS

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Used for making decorative windows and other objects through which light passes. Strictly speaking, all coloured glass is “stained,” or coloured by the addition of various metallic oxides while it is in a molten state.

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STAINED GLASS

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are manufactured from two different halves and they are pressed and annealed together while in the melting process. These are used for architectural purposes in the construction of walls, skylights etc.

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GLASS BLOCKS/BRICKS

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Is an insulating material made from glass fiber arranged using a binder into a texture similar to wool. It is used as hollow walls and drywall insulation. Additionally, it is also used for roof insulation in auditoriums and suspended ceilings

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GLASS WOOL

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Is used as a building material. It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls.

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ARCHITECTURAL GLASS

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Is a type of glass that has increased strength as a result of a post-production chemical process. When broken, it still shatters in long pointed splinters similar to float glass. For this reason, it is not considered a safety glass and must be laminated.

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CHEMICALLY STRENGTHENED GLASS

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• artificial stone - like mass • composite material • useful for construction • easy to form into shapes • reasonable, low-cost and instant mix • reliable and high quality

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CONCRETE

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Freshly prepared concrete till it has not yet set is called

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WET OR GREEN CONCRETE

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After concrete has thoroughly set and fully hardened it is called

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SET CONCRETE OR JUST CONCRETE

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Composition of Basic Concrete Mix

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BINDING MATERIAL + FINE & COARSE AGGREGATE + WATER+ ADMIXTURE ( OPTIONAL)

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Composition of Basic Concrete Mix

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1. BINDING MATERIALS

2. AGGREGATES

3. WATER

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The main element of the mix. Cement + Water = Paste that coats the aggregates. The paste hardens - binding aggregates- stone like substance

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BINDING MATERIALS

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Sand is a fine mixture ◦ Gravel or crushed stone_ is a coarse mixture in most mixes

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AGGREGATES

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required to with chemicals react with the cement and to supply workability with the concrete

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WATER

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Concrete are classified into different types: (3)

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1.According to binding material used in concrete. 2.According to design of concrete. 3.According to purpose of Concrete.

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ACCORDING TO BINDING MATERIAL USED IN CONCRETE (2)

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1. CEMENT CONCRETE

2. LIME CONCRETE

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concrete consisting of cement, sand and coarse aggregates mixed in a suitable proportions in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this type of concrete cement is used as a binding material, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.

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CEMENT CONCRETE

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The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates mixed in a suitable proportions with water is called lime concrete. In this type of concrete hydraulic lime is generally used as a binding material, sand and cinder are used as fine aggregates and broken bricks, gravel can be used as coarse aggregates.

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LIME CONCRETE

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The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates mixed in a suitable proportions with water is called lime concrete. In this type of concrete hydraulic lime is generally used as a binding material, sand and cinder are used as fine aggregates and broken bricks, gravel can be used as coarse aggregates.

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LIME CONCRETE

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CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DESIGN OF CONCRETE (3)

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1. Plain cement concrete. 2. Reinforced cement concrete(RCC). 3. Pre-stressed cement concrete(PCC).

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The cement concrete in which no reinforcement is provided is called plain cement concrete or mass cement concrete. This type of concrete is strong in taking compressive stresses but weak in taking tensile stresses.

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PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

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The cement concrete in which reinforcement is embedded for taking tensile stress is called reinforced cement concrete. In this type of concrete the steel reinforcement is to be used generally in the form of round bars,6mm to 32mm dia. This concrete is equally strong in taking tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Usual proportions of ingredients in a reinforced concrete are 1 part of cement:1-2parts of sand:2-4parts of crushed stones or gravel.

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REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE(RCC)

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cement concrete in which high compressive stresses are artificially induced before their actual use is called pre-stresses cement concrete.

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PRE-STRESSED CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC)

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According to purpose concrete is classified into following types (3)

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a. VACUUM CONCRETE

b. AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETECONCRETE

c. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

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Concrete mix: Footings, columns, beams, RC slabs1:2:4 proportions

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CLASS AA MIXTURE

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concrete mix: Slab on-fill, non bearing wall 1:2½:5 proportion

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CLASS B MIXTURE

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concrete mix: Concrete under water, retaining walls1:1½:3 proportion

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CLASS AA MIXTURE

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Concrete mix: Concrete plant box, etc 1:3:6 proportions

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CLASS C MIXTURE

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Concrete mix: Concrete plant box, etc 1:3:6 proportions

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CLASS C MIXTURE

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34 L water concrete ratio

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1:3:6

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30 L water concrete ratio

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1:2:4

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27 L water concrete ratio

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1:1½:3

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25 L water concrete ratio

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1:1:2

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When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being attained consistently.

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SLUMP TEST

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-Common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7- and 28-days curing periods. Specimens are usually cylindrical with a length equal to twice the diameter

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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

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CONCRETE ADDITIVES

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1. To speed up the initial set of concrete . 2. To retard the initial set. 3. To improve the workability of the mix. 4. To render the concrete more watertight. 5. To improve the bond between two concrete surfaces. 6. To inhibit the set of cement paste. 7.To produce a colored surface. 8.To produce a non-skid surface.

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CONCRETE ADDITIVES (14)

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1. To speed up the initial set of concrete

2. To retard the initial set

3. To improve the workability of the mix

4. To render the concrete more watertight

5. To improve the bond between two concrete surfaces

6. To inhibit the set of cement paste

7.To produce a colored surface

8.To produce a non-skid surface

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CONCRETE ADDITIVES (4)

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1. ACCELERATORS

2. RETARDERS

3. WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES

4. CONCRETE WATERPROOFERS

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An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete. Such a material may be added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for several reasons. For example, this will allow earlier removal of forms and in some cases reduce the whole curing period.

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ACCELERATORS

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A material used to reduce the amount of ·water necessary to produce a concrete of given consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content. A typical one is made from the metallic. salts of ligninsulfonic acids.

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WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES

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Water under pressure and in contact with one surface of the concrete can be forced through channels between the inner and outer surfaces. A measure of the amount of water passing in this way is a measure of permeability; any admixture used to reduce this flow is really a permeability reducer.

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CONCRETE WATERPROOFERS

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concrete product Made with both stone and lightweight aggregates

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CONCRETE BLOCK

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concrete block common size for non load bearing partitions

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4" x 8" x 16"

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concrete block commone size for load bearing walls

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6" x 8" x 16"

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types of concrete blocks (5)

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1. HOLLOW LOAD-BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

2. SOLID LOAD-BEARING BLOCK

3. HOLLOW; NON LOAD BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

4. CONCRETE BUILDING TILE

5. CONCRETE BRICK

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an 8”x 8” x 16" will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. made with heavyweight aggregate and 25 to 35lb. when made with light weight aggregate.

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HOLLOW LOAD-BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

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-one in which the core area exceeds 25 . percent of the cross-sectional area.

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HOLLOW; NON LOAD BEARING CONCRETE BLOCK

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concrete block qualityquality (3)

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1. HAND MADE-backyard industry

2. MACHINE-MADE -commonly sold

3. STEAM CURED-manufactured by big, and nationality known factories for load bearing walls