Apush Unit 6 Vocab

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Carnegie

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US industrialist and philanthropist; born in Scotland. After building up a fortune in the steel industry, he retired in 1901 and devoted his wealth to charitable purposes, in particular to libraries, education, and the arts. He established the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1900.

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capitalism

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An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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steam engine

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An engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

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corporation

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A company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) andrecognized as such in law.

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Union Pacific Credit Mobilier

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Thomas Durant chartered a company named Credit Mobilier of America to garner profits from railroad construction, guaranteeing he and other insiders would realize a fortune from the railroad without exposing themselves to the project's high-stake risks.

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vertical integration

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The combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated byseparate companies.

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Rockefeller

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Nelson Aldrich 1908–1979 grandson & son of prec. Am. polit.; vice pres. of the United States (1974–77)

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child labor

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the use of children to do work that should be done by adults

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mass production

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the process of producing large numbers of goods in factories

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scientific management

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the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways

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industrialization

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the development of industry on an extensive scale; to organize (the production of something) as an industry.

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Knights of Labor

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a secret organization whose professed purpose is to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen as respects their relations to their employers.

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union

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An organization of workers formed for the purpose of serving the members' interests with respect to wages and working conditions.

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closed shop

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A business or industrial establishment whose employees are required to be union members or to agree to join the unionwithin a specified time after being hired

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Samuel Gompers

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United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

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union reforms

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The International Workingmen's Association took up the demand for an eight-hour dayat its convention in Geneva in August 1866, declaring The legal limitation of the workingday is a preliminary condition without which all further attempts at improvements andemancipation of the working class must prove abortive, and The Congress proposes eighthours as the legal limit of the working day.

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8-hour day

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In the Industrial Revolution in Britain, industrial production in large factories transformed working life. The use of child labour was common. The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours for six days a week.

Robert Owen had raised the demand for a ten-hour day in 1810, and instituted it in his socialist enterprise at New Lanark

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yellow-dog contract

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An agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.

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collective bargaining

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A process of negotiations between employers and a group ofemployees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions

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Homestead Strike

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An industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892,culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents onJuly 6, 1892.

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labor boycott

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Eugene V. Debs

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An American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and several times thecandidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States

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Socialism

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An economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy.[

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Industrial Workers of the World

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An international industrial union that was formed in 1905. Promotes the concept of "One Big Union", contends that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and wage labor should be abolished.

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Gustavus Swift

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Founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car. Made various stuff out of animal byproducts.

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President Cleveland

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The 22nd and 24th President of the United States. The leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans. His battles for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era.

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American Federation of Labor

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One of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in Columbus, Ohioin May 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor

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Pullman Strike

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A nationwide conflict in the United States which, in the summer of 1894, pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) and employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company against the company's ownership and the federal government of the United States under Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. Over wage increases.

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trust

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a business entity formed to create a monopoly or fix prices

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holding company

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A company or firm that owns other companies' outstanding stock. The term usually refers to a company that does not produce goods or services itself; rather, its purpose is to own shares of other companies

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J.P Morgan

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An American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 he arranged the merging of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric.

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J. Gould

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A leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has long been vilified as an archetypal robber baron, whose successes made him the ninth richestAmerican in history.

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President Rutherford Hayes

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The 19th President of the United States (1877–1881). As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.

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President Garfield

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the 20th President of the United States (1881), after completing nine consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863–81). His accomplishments as President included a controversial resurgence of Presidential authority above Senatorial courtesy in executive appointments; energizing U.S. naval power; and purging corruption in the Post Office Department.

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Pendleton Civil Service Act

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a federal law established in 1883 that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal tofire or demote government employees for political reasons andprohibits soliciting campaign donations on Federal governmentproperty

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

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A United States federal law enacted during the ReconstructionEra that guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service. The Supreme Court decided the act was unconstitutional in 1883.

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Segregation

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separation of humans into racial groups in daily life

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Jim Crow Laws

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State and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status forAfrican Americans.

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McKinley Tariff

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Raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Protectionism, a tactic supported by Republicans, was fiercely debated by politicians and condemned by Democrats.

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Populism

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a political doctrine where one sides with "the people" against "the elites"

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People's Party

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the American political party commonly known as the 'Populists' which existed from 1891 to 1908. For other American and worldwide parties using the term populists, see Populist Party.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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This did not authorize the free and unlimited coinage of silver that the Free Silver supporters wanted. However, it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase on a recurrent monthly basis to 4.5 million ounces. It had been passed in response to the growing complaints of farmers' and miners' interests.

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Coxey's army

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A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time.

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Booker T. Washington

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an African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States.

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William McKinley

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The 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. He led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. Republican.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson

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A landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

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Social Darwinism

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Racism based off of 'science'

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blue laws

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A type of law designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday shopping for religious standards, particularly the observance of a day of worship or rest. Blue laws may also restrict or ban sale of certain items on specific days.

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political machine

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A political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

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suffragists

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a person in the past who worked to get voting rights for people who did not have them

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WCTU

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the first mass organization among women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity."

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Colored Farmers' Alliance

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Founded in central Texas in 1877, through the efforts of farmers at self-protection from 'land sharks,' merchants, horse thieves and cattle ranchers, because the central union would not allow black farmers to join.

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disfranchisement

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To deprive (a corporation, for example) of a privilege or franchise.

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Ida B. Wells

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An African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist and, with her husband, an early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented lynching in the United States, showinghow it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed withwhites. She was active in the women's rights and the women's suffrage movement.

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Tuskegee Institute

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Historically black uni in Alabama. Founded on July 4, 1881 as the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers. It was part of the expansion of institutions of higher educationfor blacks in the South following the American Civil War, many founded by the northern American Missionary Association

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The Granger Movement

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A coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport practices during the decade following the American Civil War.

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subtreasury system

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believed that no reliance could be placed on the issues of local institutions for the purposes of general circulation. It necessarily and unavoidably adopted specie as the exclusive currency for its own use.

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Farmer's Alliance

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an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations

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Free Silver

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a central American policy issue in the late 19th century. Its advocates were in favor of an inflationary monetary policy using the "free coinage of silver" as opposed to the less inflationary gold standard; its supporters were called "Silverites".

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Greenbacks

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an American political party that was active between 1874 and 1884 which advocated non-gold-backed government currency, also known as the Greenback Labor Party

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Specie

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Coins or other metal money in mass circulation

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William Jennings Bryan

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a devout Christian, a supporter of popular democracy, and an enemy of the gold standard as well as banks and railroads. He was a leader of the silverite movement inthe 1890s, a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, and an opponent of Darwinism on religious and humanitarian grounds

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Cross of Gold

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Delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. He decried the gold standard. Bryan's address helped catapult him to the Democratic Party's presidential nomination.

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Munn v. Illinois (1877)

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a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn case opened the door for states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and was an important case in the struggle for public regulation of private enterprise in post-Civil War America

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Wabash v. Illinois

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a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

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Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

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a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rate.