Apush Unit 5 Vocab

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Compromise of 1877

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Hayes showed concern for Southern interests and would end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results

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Species Resumption Act

Back 2

Greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but none were redeemed

Due to paper money being more convenient, kept circulating

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Greenbacks- Labor Party

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Founded in 1878

Primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873

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Pendleton Civil Service Act

Back 4

First Federal regulatory commission

Office holders would be judged based on merit for duty functionality

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Stalwarts

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Republicans who supported Cleveland

Fought for civil service reform

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Mugwumps

Back 6

Republicans who switched their vote from Blaine to Cleveland

Traitors to their party

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McKinley Tariff

Back 7

Highly protective Tariff passed in 1880

Caused a backslash which cost Republican votes

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Credit Mobilier

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Construction company that charged the government twice the actual cost of railroad construction; biggest bribery scandal of US history

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Robber Barons

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Big business owners who are rich by cheating the federal government

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John D. Rockefeller

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Formed the Standard Oil Company with his bro, William, and became rich

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Horizontal consolidation

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A form of monolopy where a person/company gains control of an aspect of an entire industry or manufacturing process

Rockefeller's desired monopolization action

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Andrew Carnegie

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Steel industry philanthropist

Donated large sum of money for public schools; wealthy had to give back to society

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Vertical Consolidation

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A form of monopoly where one person/company owns control of every step of the manufacturing process

Carnegie's monopolization method

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Bessemer Process

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An invented method of removing air pockets from iron; led to steel creation

Made advanced steelworking possible

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J. Piermont Morgan

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Financer, banking boss

Created the US steel corporation, first to be created with a billion dollars

Liked Vertical consolidation as well

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Trusts

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Firms or corporations that combine to reduce competition and controlling prices

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14th Amendment "Due Process Clause"

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No state shall deny a person life, liberty, or property without due process of law

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Wabash Case

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Individual states could control trade in their taxes, but could not regulate railroads coming through them

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Sherman Anti-trust Act

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Federal law that committed the American government to oppose monopolies, contracts, combinations and conspiracies in the restraint of trade

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National Labour Union

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Concentrated on producer cooperation to achieve goals

Established 1866, by William Sylvis and Richard Trevellick

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Knights of Labour

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An American labor union that accepted the union of ALL workers

Secret fraternal order

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Yellow Dog Contracts

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A written "agreement" between employers and and employees in which the employees sign to not join a union while working for the compnay

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American Federation of Labor (AFL)

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Consisted of different Unions

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Haymarket Square Riot

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100,000 workers rioted in Chicago

Promoted anti-immigrant feelings after a bomb set off by immigrants killed and injured policemen

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Homestead Strike

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A labour strike at a steel plant

Strikers attacked for 5 months

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Pinkertons

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Members of Chicago police led by Alan --------; used as strike breakers

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Pullman Strike (1894)

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Started by enraged workers who were part of someone's "model town"

The owner cut wages but not rent or prices

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Honest Graft

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Justified bribery or cheating

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Boss Tweed

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Large political boss of Tammany Hall; controlled New York and believed in Honest Graft

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New Immigration

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Came from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty

1865-1910

Created mistrust with Americans by cultural differences and language barriers

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Chinese Exclusion Law

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Denied Chinese citizenship in the US and Chinese immigration

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American Protective Association

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A nativist group that opposed all immigration to the US

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Social Darwinism

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Applied natural selection to human society

Poor are are poor because they are not fit to survive

Used as an argument against social reforms to aid the poverty

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Morril Act

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Set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges

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Gilded Age

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Coined by Mark Twain to describe the massive increase in wealth caused by industry

Hid many social problems of the time: high poverty, high crime, government corruption

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Pragmatism

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A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations

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Susan B. Anthony

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Early leader of women's suffrage movement

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Women's Christian Temperance Union

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Group of women that advocated total abstinence from alcohol and worked to get laws passed against alcohol

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Booker T. Washington

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An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement

Founded Tuskegee Institute

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W. E. B. DuBois

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Black orator and essayist

Helped found the the NAACP

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NAACP

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Founded in 1909 by a group of black and white intellectuals

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Homestead Act

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Provides free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it

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Granger Movement

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Founded by Oliver H. Kelley

A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers

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Battle of the Little Big Horn

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General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyene Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

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Battle of Wounded Knee

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The Sioux were massacred by troops in South Dakota

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Dawes Severalty Act

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(1887) tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing land

Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty

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Safety Valve Thesis

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Held that people couldn't succeed in eastern society could move west for cheap land and new start

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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Directed the treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver which inflated prices

Repealed in 1893

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Depression of 1983

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Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt

Caused loss of business confidence

Led to Pullman Strike

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Populist Party

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People's party

Was split between the South and West

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Omaha Platform

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Platform of the 1892 election where they called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, railroad regulation, government reforms to benefit farmers

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Mary Ellen Lease

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Speaker of the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance

One of the founders of the Populist Party

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William Jennings Bryan

Back 53

Most important Populist in American history

Three time presidential candidate for the Democratic party; never won

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Cross of Gold speech

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Given by William Bryan on June 18, 1896

"People musn't be crucified on a cross of Gold"

Opposed Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard

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Gold Standard Act

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All paper money be backed by gold

Government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided that they wanted to trade in their money

Eliminated silver money

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Yellow Journalism

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Term used to describe sensationalist newspaper writings if the time

Tainted journalism, half-truths, rumours

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In Re Debs

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Eugene Debs, guilty of trade restraints, stopping the US mail, disobeying the government to stop the strike

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16th Ammendment

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Allowed income to be taxed

Result of Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company

Ratified in 1913

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Minor v. Happensett

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Limited the right to vote to men

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Social Gospel

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Movement which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation