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244 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What banking reform came out of the Panic of 1907?
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Estabilishment of the Federal Reserve System
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Who were the Industrial Workers of hte World(aka Wobblies)? Who was its leader? In what industries were they succesful during the 1910?
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1) The Wobblies were members of a radical labor Organization.
2) "Mother" Mary Harris Jones 3) They had some success in the textile industry and western mining |
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What were the economic results of World War I in Europe?
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A general decline that led to the Crash of 1929 and the Great Depresson of hte 1930s.
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When was the Federal Reserve Act passed? What was the purpose of creating a new currency called Federal Reserve Notes? What mechanism was created to superviese the Federal Reserve System?
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1) The Federal Reserve Act was passed in 1913.
2) The currency was designed to expand and contract with the volume of business activity and borrowing 3) The Federal Reserve Board was created to supervise the system |
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What did the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 accomplish?
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The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act reduced average rates to about 29% as compared with 37-40% under pervious Payne-Aldrich Tariff
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The Clayton Antiturst act of 1914 was intednted to supplement an existing piece of legislation. What was the name of the legislation? How did the Clayton Act affect the organization of corporations?
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1) The existitng piece of legislation was the Sherman Antitrust Act
2) Stock ownership by a corproation in a competing corporation was prohibited, and interlocking directorates of competing corporations were prohibited. |
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What did the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 do?
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The law prohimbited all unfair trade practices without defining them, and created a commission of 5 members appointed by the president. The commission was empowered to issue cease and desist orders to corporations, stop actions considered to be in restraint of trade, and bring lawsuits if the orders were not obeyed.
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What did the Child Labor Act of 1916 do? Why was the law especially significant? What happened to the law in 1918?
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1) It forbade shipment in interstate commmerce of products whose productions involved the labor of children under 14 or 16, depending on the product
2) The law was significant because it was the first time that congress regulated labor within a state using the interstate commerce power. 3) The law was declared unconstitutional by hte Supreme Court in 1918 on hte grounds that it interfered with the powers of hte states. |
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What factor contributed to the incresed number of strickes in 1919? In what city did hte police strike? Why did public support for striking workers diminish?
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1) The rapid postwar inflation contributed to the striking workers demand for higher wages
2) Boston 3) The communist Revolution of 1917 in Russia inspired in many Americans a fear of violence and revolustion by workers. |
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Why did coal workers strike in 1919? How was the issue resolved?
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1)The workers were seeking shorter hours and higher wages
2) Attorney General Mitchell Palmer obtained injunctions and the union called off the strike. An arbitration board later awarded the minders a wage increase. |
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What was a major factor behind the recession of the 1920s?
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Europe returned to normal and reduced its purchased in America, and domestic demand for goods not available in wartime was filled. Prices fell and unemployment exceeded 12% in 1921.
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What was the major reason for the improved economy during most of hte 1920s?
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Improved industirial efficiency that resulted in lower prices for goods.
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The sale of what tpye of products was resonsible for the prosperity of the 1920s?
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Consumer products, such as automoblies, refrigerators, and furniture.
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What was the major business trend during hte 1920s?
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The trend toward corporate consolidation
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Why did farm expenses rise during hte 1920s?
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Farm expenses rose with the cost of more sophisticated machinery and a greater use of chemical ferilizers.
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Describe President Herbert Hoover's economic philosophy?
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Hoover believed that an economic system with voluntary cooperation of business and government would enable the United States to abolish poverty through continued econmic growth.
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What products were affected by the Fordney McCumber-Tariff? What year was it passed?
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1) The Fordney-McCumber Tariff imposed high rates on farm products and protected such infant industries as rayon, china, toys, and chemicals.
2) 1922 |
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Give one reason for the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed.
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Many people had bought stock on a margin of 10%, menaing that they had borrowed 90% of the purchase through a broker's loan and put up the stock as collateral.
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Describe 5 economic effects of hte Depression.
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1) Unemployment rose to 25%
2)National income dropped 54% 3) Labor income fell about 51% 4) By 1932, 22% of hte nation's banks had failed |
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What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff? When was it passed? Why is it still considered controversial?
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1)It raised duties on both agricultural and manufacturer imports.
2) June 1930 3) Historians still argue over whether or not it contributed to the spread of the international depression. |
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What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)?
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Chartered by Congress in 1932, the RFC made loans to railroads, banks, and other failure of basic firms on which many other elements of hte economy depended
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What was the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission?
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To supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading
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Name hte 5 things FDR and Congress did in 1933 to deal with the nation's banking crisis.
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1) Pssed the Emergency Banking Relief Act
2) Passed The Banking Act of 1933 3) Passed The Truth in Securities Act 4) Established the Home Owners Loan Corporation 5) Took the nation off the gold standard |
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What was the aim of the National Indutrial Recovery Act in 1934?
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It sought to stabilize the economy by preventing the extreme cometition, labor-management conflicts, and overproduciton
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What was the Wagner Act? When was it enacted?
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1) The Wagner Act reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair albor practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board(NLRB) oversee and ensure fairness in labor-management relations.
2) May 1935 |
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What ws he effect ofhte first New Deal policies on unemployment?
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Unemployment dropped from about 25% of nonfarm workers in 1933 to about 20% in 1935, but this unemployment rate was still much higher than the 3.2% of pre-Depession of 1929
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What was another term used to describe the Fair Labor Standards Act?
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The minimum wage law
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What prompted President Franklin Roosevelt to issue an executive order estabilishing the Fair Employment Practice Committee in June of 1941? What was hte purpose of the committee?
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1) Black union leader A. Philip Randolph threatened to lead a black march on Washington to demand equal access to defense jobs.
2) The purpose of hte committee was to ensure consideration for minorities in defense employment. |
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What prompted the division in the labor movement between the American Federation of Labor(AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO)?
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The CIO wanted to unionize the mass production industires, such as automobiles and rubber, with industial unions while the AFL continued to try to organize workers in those industries by crafts.
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By 1941, how many workers belonged to a union?
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8.7 million, or 41% of the workforce
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How did the 1947 Taft-Harley Act affect unions?
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The Taft-Harley Act made the "closed shop" illegal; ended the practice of employers collecting dues for unions; and forbade such actions as secondary boycotts, jurisdictionsl strickes, and featherbedding.
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How much did economic productivity increase between 1945 and 1955?
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35%
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What was the minimum wage in 1955?
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$1 an hour
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What was a popular critique of corporate culture in the 1950s?
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That such environments encouraged the managerial personality and corporate cooperation rather than indivdualism
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Who unionized Mexican-American farmworkers?
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Cesar Chavez
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What factors contributed to the economic slump of the early 1970s?
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1) Federal deficits
2) International competition 3) Risisng energy costs |
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What were the two important economic initatives made by President Richard Nixion in 1971?
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Nixion announced a ninety-day price and wage freeze, and he toook the United Satates off the gold standard.
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Waht wasthe theory behind supply-side economics?
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If government left more money in the hands of hte people, they would invest rather then spend the excess on consumer goods. The results would be greater productions, more jobs, and greater properity.
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What wasthe cause of the 1982 recession?
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The Federal Reserve's "tight money" policy
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What antiuion measure did President Ronald Reagan take in 1981?
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He fired all stricking air-traffic controllers
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What was the major provisions of hte Tax Reform Act of 1986?
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The Tax Reform Act of 1986 lowered tax rates, changing the highest rate on personal income from 50% to 28% adn corporate taxes for 46% to 34%. At the same time, it removed many tax shelters and tax credits.
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What was the inflation rate in 1986?
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22%
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What explains the rising U.S. trade deficits of hte 1980s?
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U.S management and engineering skills had fallen behind Japan and Germany, and the United States provided an open market to foreign businesses.
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Waht explains the corporate merger phenomenon of the 1980s?
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1) Deregulation policies of the Reagan administration
2) The emerging international economy 3) Availability of funds released by new tax breaks |
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What happened on October 19,1987, also known as "Black Monday"?
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The Dow Jones stock market average dropped over 500 points
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What was the cause of the financial problems of the savings and loan industry in the late 1980s?
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Bad real estate loans
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What factors explain the drop in labor union membership in the 1980s?
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The economy was shifting form heavy inductry to electronics and service industries.
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In what ways does the Federal Reserve try to regulate the economy?
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Teh Federal Reserve will lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and raise interest rates to regualte inflation.
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What is NAFTA? Who were its most prominent critics?
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1) The North American Free Trade Agreement eliminated most tariffs and other trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
2) Organized labor and Ross Perot |
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In 1994, how did the Federal Reserve respond to the fears of increased inflation?
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By beginning a series of interest rate increases
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What was the unemployment rate at the end of 1993? Why was that significant?
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1) 6.4%
2) It was the lowest rate since January 1991 |
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The new continent discovered by Christopher columbus was named after ____ ____.
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Amerigo Vespucci
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TRUE OR FALSE: John Cabot was the first explorer to reach the mainland of North America.
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True
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Who wasthe first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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Which explorer sought to find the fabled fountain of youth?
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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Which explorer led three expenditions to the St. Lawerence River, in search of the Northwest Passage?
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Jacques Cartier
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What river in hte southeastern part of the United States was discovered by Hernando de Soto?
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The Mississippi River
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What explorer led an expedition from the Rio Grande in Mexico, across Arizona, New Mexico, Texat, Oklahoma, and Kansas?
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Francisco Vasquez de Coranado
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Who was Sir Farancis Drake?
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Sir Farncis Drake was a successful English captian who sailed around South America, raided Spanish settlements on the Pacific Coast of Central America, and claimed California for England
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For which country did explorer Henry Hudson set out to find the Northwest Passage?
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Holland
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Which river served as hte french gateway to the interior of North America?
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The St. Lawrence River
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Who explored the Mississippi Valley in 1673?
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Jacques Marquette
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Who designed the city of Washington, D.C.?
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Pierre L'Enfant
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Approximately what percentage of the U.S, population lived in cities in 1790?
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5%
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Who led the expedition to explore the western territory to the Pacific in 1804?
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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
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The prevailing farming technique used in the firist half of the nineteenth centruey was a _____ and ______ method that was wasteful of timber and diminished the fertility of hte soil.
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Clearing and planting
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Who invented the cotton gin? What was its effect on the South?
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1) Eli Whitney created a faster and more efficient means to separate the cotton fibers from the seed.
2) This machine made the use of slave labor to far, cotton more efficinet and thus more profitable. |
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Which inventor built hte steamboats the Clermont in 1807 and the New Orleans in 1811?
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Robert Fulton
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In 1818 the ______ ______, for Wheeling, Virginia, to Cumberland, Maryland, linking the Potomac with the Ohio River, was completed.
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National Road
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What major waterway system linked the Hudson River at Alboany, New Yourk, with Lake Erie?
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The Erie Canal
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TRUE OR FALSE: The canal system taht was built in the first part of the 19th centruy generally ran in a norht-south direciton.
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False: the canals ran east-west, linking the old East with the new West.
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What three epidemics were prevalent in urban areas of hte 1830s and 1840s?
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1) Typhoid fever
2) Typhus 3) Cholera |
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What were the two important economic initatives made by President Richard Nixion in 1971?
|
Nixion announced a ninety-day price and wage freeze, and he toook the United Satates off the gold standard.
|
|
|
Waht wasthe theory behind supply-side economics?
|
If government left more money in the hands of hte people, they would invest rather then spend the excess on consumer goods. The results would be greater productions, more jobs, and greater properity.
|
|
|
What wasthe cause of the 1982 recession?
|
The Federal Reserve's "tight money" policy
|
|
|
What antiuion measure did President Ronald Reagan take in 1981?
|
He fired all stricking air-traffic controllers
|
|
|
What was the major provisions of hte Tax Reform Act of 1986?
|
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 lowered tax rates, changing the highest rate on personal income from 50% to 28% adn corporate taxes for 46% to 34%. At the same time, it removed many tax shelters and tax credits.
|
|
|
What was the inflation rate in 1986?
|
22%
|
|
|
What explains the rising U.S. trade deficits of hte 1980s?
|
U.S management and engineering skills had fallen behind Japan and Germany, and the United States provided an open market to foreign businesses.
|
|
|
Waht explains the corporate merger phenomenon of the 1980s?
|
1) Deregulation policies of the Reagan administration
2) The emerging international economy 3) Availability of funds released by new tax breaks |
|
|
What happened on October 19,1987, also known as "Black Monday"?
|
The Dow Jones stock market average dropped over 500 points
|
|
|
What was the cause of the financial problems of the savings and loan industry in the late 1980s?
|
Bad real estate loans
|
|
|
What were the two important economic initatives made by President Richard Nixion in 1971?
|
Nixion announced a ninety-day price and wage freeze, and he toook the United Satates off the gold standard.
|
|
|
Waht wasthe theory behind supply-side economics?
|
If government left more money in the hands of hte people, they would invest rather then spend the excess on consumer goods. The results would be greater productions, more jobs, and greater properity.
|
|
|
What wasthe cause of the 1982 recession?
|
The Federal Reserve's "tight money" policy
|
|
|
What antiuion measure did President Ronald Reagan take in 1981?
|
He fired all stricking air-traffic controllers
|
|
|
What was the major provisions of hte Tax Reform Act of 1986?
|
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 lowered tax rates, changing the highest rate on personal income from 50% to 28% adn corporate taxes for 46% to 34%. At the same time, it removed many tax shelters and tax credits.
|
|
|
What was the inflation rate in 1986?
|
22%
|
|
|
What explains the rising U.S. trade deficits of hte 1980s?
|
U.S management and engineering skills had fallen behind Japan and Germany, and the United States provided an open market to foreign businesses.
|
|
|
Waht explains the corporate merger phenomenon of the 1980s?
|
1) Deregulation policies of the Reagan administration
2) The emerging international economy 3) Availability of funds released by new tax breaks |
|
|
What happened on October 19,1987, also known as "Black Monday"?
|
The Dow Jones stock market average dropped over 500 points
|
|
|
What was the cause of the financial problems of the savings and loan industry in the late 1980s?
|
Bad real estate loans
|
|
|
What facotors explain the drop in labor union membership in hte 1980s?
|
The economy was shifting from heavy industry ot electronics and service industies.
|
|
|
In what ways does the Federal Reserve try to regulate the economy?
|
The Federal Reserve will lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and raise interest rates to reguilate inflation.
|
|
|
What is NAFTA? Who werer its most prominent critics?
|
1) The North American Free Trade Greement eliminated most Tariffs and other trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
2) Organized labor and Ross Perot |
|
|
In 1994, how did the Federal Reserve respond to the fears of increased inflation?
|
By beginning a series of interest rate increases
|
|
|
What was the unemployment rate at the end of 1993? Why was that significant?
|
1) 6.4%
2) It was the lowest rate since Jnauary of 1991. |
|
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The new continent dicovered by Christopher Columbus was named after _____ ______.
|
Amerigo Vespucci
|
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TRUE OR FALSE: John Cobot was the first explorer to reach the mainland of North America.
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True
|
|
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Who was the first Europena to see the Pacific Ocean?
|
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
|
|
|
What explorer led and expedition from the Rio Grande in Mexico, across Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas?
|
Franciso Vasquez de Coronado
|
|
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Who was Sir Francis Drake?
|
He was a successful English captain who sailed around South America, Raided
Spanish settlements on hte Pacific Coast of Central America, and claimed California for England. |
|
|
For which country did explorer Henry Hudson set out ot find the Northwest Passage?
|
Holland
|
|
|
Which explorer sought to find the fabled fountain of youth?
|
Juan Ponce de Leon
|
|
|
Which explorer led 3 expeditions to the St. Lawrence River, in search of hte Northwest Passage?
|
Jacques Cartier
|
|
|
What river in the southeastern part of the United States was discovered by Hernando de Soto?
|
Thew Mississippi River
|
|
|
Which river served as a French gateway to the interior of North America?
|
The St. Lawrence River
|
|
|
Who explored the Mississippi Valley in 1673?
|
Jacques Marquette
|
|
|
Who desgned the city of Washington, D.C.?
|
Pierre L'Enfant
|
|
|
What major waterway system linked the Hudson River at Albany, New York, with Lake Erie?
|
The Erie Canal
|
|
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TRUE OR FALSE: The conal system that was built in the first part of hte 19th century generally ran in a north-south direciton.
|
False. Canals ran east-west, linking the old East with the new West.
|
|
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What 3 epidemics were prevalent in urban areas of the 1830s and the 1840s?
|
1) Typhoid fever
2) Typhus 3) Cholera |
|
|
Who invented the cotton gin? What was its effect on the South?
|
1) Eli Whitney. The cotton gin created a more efficent means to separate the cotton fiber from the seeds.
2) Thsi machine made the use of slave labor to farm cotton more efficient and thus more profitable. |
|
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Which invetor bulild the steamboats the Clermont in 1807 and the New Orleans in 1811?
|
Robert Fulton
|
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In 1818 the _____ _____, form Wheeling, Virgina, to Cumberland, Maryland, linking the Potomac with the Ohio River, was completed.
|
National Road
|
|
|
Approximately waht percentage of hte U.S. population lived in cities in 1790?
|
5%
|
|
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Who led the expedition to explore the western territory to the Pacific in 1804?
|
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
|
|
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Who discovered a process for vulcanizing rubber?
|
Charles Goodyear
|
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Who invented the sewing machine?
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Elias Howe
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What invention by Samuel Morse was first used in 1840 to trasmit business news and information?
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The eletric telegraph
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The prevailing farming technique used in hte first half of the 19th century was a ____ and ____ method that was wasteful of timber and diminished the fertility of the soil.
|
clearing and planting
|
|
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How did industry reinforce farming?
|
Many of industry's technological developements and inveintions were applied to farm machinery, which in turn enabled farmers to produce more food more cheaply.
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How did Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper benefit the wheat farmers?
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The mechanical reaper encabled a crew of 6 men to harvest as much wheat in one day as 15 men using older methods.
|
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Who invented the steel plow?
|
John Deere
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How did Jerome Case's threshing machine affect the grain industry?
|
The thrashing machine multiplied hte bushels of grain that could be separated from the stalk in a day's time.
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What were the main agricultural products of hte East in the 1800s.
|
Production of milk, fruits, and berries
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Prior to the advent of the railroad, whcih commercial transportation system dominated domestic trade?
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Coastal sailing ships
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Which states contained the most miles of railroad track?
|
Pennsylvania and New York
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Waht were the revenue-producing crops produced by the southern plantation system--- cotton, tobacco, and so on---- collectively known as?
|
Cash Crops
|
|
|
Why did the southern populaion move to the newly opened Gulf States?
|
They could grow cotton and sugar gane in these areas.
|
|
|
What did the phrase "manifest destiny" mean?
|
It was the belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its territory over the whole North American continent.
|
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What was the starting point of the Oregon Trail?
|
Independence, Missouri
|
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What was "Oregon Fever" of hte 1840s?
|
Thousands of settlers trekked across the Great Plains oand hte Rocy Mountains to settle in what they considered to be the new Shangri-la.
|
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Why did Great Britain want the Puget Sound area north of hte Columbia River in hte Oregon Territory?
|
Because Puget Sound is one of the only 3 natrual habors on the Pacific Coast
|
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What were the terms of he Gadsden Purchase? What was its purpose?
|
1) The US bough from Mexico a strip of land along the Gila River in what is now New Mexico and Arizona.
2) Its purpose was to provide a good route for a transcontinental railroad across the southern part of the US |
|
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What territory did Presiden Franklin Pierce try to purchase in the Ostend Manifesto?
|
He tried to purchase Cuba from Spain
|
|
|
Which states contained the most miles of railroad track?
|
Pennsylvania and New York
|
|
|
Waht were the revenue-producing crops produced by the southern plantation system--- cotton, tobacco, and so on---- collectively known as?
|
Cash Crops
|
|
|
Why did the southern populaion move to the newly opened Gulf States?
|
They could grow cotton and sugar gane in these areas.
|
|
|
What did the phrase "manifest destiny" mean?
|
It was the belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its territory over the whole North American continent.
|
|
|
What was the starting point of the Oregon Trail?
|
Independence, Missouri
|
|
|
What was "Oregon Fever" of hte 1840s?
|
Thousands of settlers trekked across the Great Plains oand hte Rocy Mountains to settle in what they considered to be the new Shangri-la.
|
|
|
Why did Great Britain want the Puget Sound area north of hte Columbia River in hte Oregon Territory?
|
Because Puget Sound is one of the only 3 natrual habors on the Pacific Coast
|
|
|
What were the terms of he Gadsden Purchase? What was its purpose?
|
1) The US bough from Mexico a strip of land along the Gila River in what is now New Mexico and Arizona.
2) Its purpose was to provide a good route for a transcontinental railroad across the southern part of the US |
|
|
What territory did Presiden Franklin Pierce try to purchase in the Ostend Manifesto?
|
He tried to purchase Cuba from Spain
|
|
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What were the main products of midwestern family farms in hte 1850s?
|
Grains and livestock
|
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Why did the North, unlike the South, face incentives to develop labor-saving machines?
|
The North did not have an abundant source of cheap labor, that is, slaves.
|
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What two labor-saving machines were midwestern farmers using by 1860s?
|
Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper and the mechanical thresher
|
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What were 3 effects of the rise of the railroads in the 1840s and 1850s?
|
1) Big-business techniques spread
2) A nationwide market developed 3) The Midwest becaome linked to the North rather than to the South |
|
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What means of transportation were popular on the rivers and seas in the 1850s?
|
1) Steamboats
2) Clipper Ships |
|
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Who improved the design on Elias Howe's sewing machine?
|
Isaac Singer improved Howe's design and built the first commercially successful sewing machine
|
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Why was John C. Fremont known as "the Pathfinder"?
|
Because of his exploration in the Rockies and the Far West
|
|
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What major technological innovation in naval warfare took place during the Civil War?
|
The development of hte ironclad ship
|
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Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
|
The inventor of the telephone
|
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What did Thomas Edison invent?
|
He invented electircal devices, like the incandescent lamp, the mimeograph, and the phonograph.
|
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Who was Elisha Otis, and what influence did he have on urban growth?
|
Otis was the inventor of hte mechanical elevator, which led to the development of hte skyscraper.
|
|
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What well-known agricultural chemist studied at Tuskegee Institute?
|
George Washington Carver
|
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What was the effect of the invetion of the linotype machine?
|
The linotype machine cut printing costs dramatically and led to the rise of the publishing industry.
|
|
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In what industry was the moving assembly line first intorduced?
|
The moving assembly line was introduced in hte automobile industiry by Henry Ford in 1913 and 1914.
|
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Who was the first American to win a Nobel Prize, and what did he win it for?
|
Physicist Albert Michelson won for his work on the speed of light
|
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Who was George Eastman?
|
An inventor of the roll-film camera
|
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Who was Nathan Stubblefield?
|
He was an inventor who transmitted the human voice over the air without wires in 1892, leading to the invention of the radio.
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What did Thomas Edison have to do with the development of hte movie industry?
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Edison, alon with his lab photographer, W.K.L. Dickson, and other assistants, invented the kinetoscope, which permitted the viweing of motion pictures.
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What were some actions taken by Theodore Roosevelt's administration with regard to conservaion?
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A mumber of national parks, forests, and irrigation projects were created; water power was developed; and the National Conservation Commission was set up to oversee the nation's natrual resources
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What did the Wright brothers invent?
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The airplane
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Where was an isthmian canal proposed? Where did the US build the canal? When did the canal open?
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1) Nicaragua and Panama
2) Panama 3) 1914 |
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Who was Henry Ford?
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An automobile manufacturer who inroduced the continuous flow process on hte auto-mobile assembly line
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Who was William Coolidge?
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The inventor of hte X-ray tube
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Who was Robert Goddard?
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The developer of liquid rocket fuel
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Wat did Arthur Little invent in 1909?
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Rayon
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What did Leo Baekeland invent in 1990?
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Plastics
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What improvement in submarines did Adolph Busch develop?
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Busch applied the diesel engine to the supmarine
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What scientist is credited with producing the first atomaic chain reaction?
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Enrico Fermi of the University of Chicago
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What was the Manhattan Project?
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It was established in Aughust of 1942 for the purpose of developing an atomic bomb.
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Where was the first atomic bomb exploded? When was it exploded?
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1) Alamogordo, New Mexico
2) July 16,1945 |
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What did the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 do?
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Itr allowed the construction of private nuclear power plants under Atomic Energy Commission license and oversight.
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When did the Soviet Union launch Sputnik? What were some of the consepunces in th US?
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1) October 4, 1957
2) The launch of the Sputnik satellite created fear that the US was falling behind technologically, and as a result, in 1958 Congress estabilshed NASA to coordinate research and development, and passed the National Defense Education Act to provide grants and loans for education |
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Who were the first men to walk the moon? When?
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`1) Neil Amrstrong and Edwin(Buzz) Aldrin
2) July 20, 1969 |
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What technological factor explains the population growth of the Sun Belt in the postwar era?
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Increased use of air conditioning
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What encouraged freer sexual practices during the 1960s?
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New methods of birth control, particularly the "pill"
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What was the Neclear Test Ban Treaty?
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The treaty, which was signed in 1963 by all major powers except France and China, banned the atmospheric testing of neclear weapons.
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What new, potent illegan drug appeared in hte 1980s?
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Crack cocaine
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When was AIDS discovered? Who were its primary victims?
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1) 1981
2) Homosexual males and intravenous drug users |
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What event in 1986 damaged NASA's credibility?
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The explosion of the space shuttle Challenger
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What happened to the Exxon Valdez in 1989? How was the incident resolved?
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1) The Exxon Valdex spilled more than 240,000 barrels of oil into the Alaska's Prince William Sound in March of 1989
2) Exxon was required to pay $1.025 billion in fines and restitution through the year 2001 |
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What was the objective of the 1990 Clean Air Act?
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1) To reduce the level of emissions by 50% by the year 2000
2) Cleaner gasolines were to be developed, cities were to reduce ozone, nad nitrogen oxide emissions were to be cut by one-third |
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What doctor became associated with the issue of assisted suicide for the terminally ill in the 1990s?
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Dr. Jack Kevorkian
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How did the Food and Drug Administration respond in 1994 to the growing concern over the negative effects of dietary fat?
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By requiring food manufacturers to use new labeling on packaged foods, which gave the percentage per serving of the reconmmendaed daily amounts for various substances including fats
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What is the name of the telescope placed into orbit around the Earth in 1990?
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The Hubble Space Telescope
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Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 for hsi efforts to raise awareness about global warming?
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Al Gore was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 and ahs been instumental in raising awareness of global warming in recent years
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Why did Spain urge the pope to draw up a "Line of Demarcation" in the New World?
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The Line of Demarcation favored Spain over Portugal as Spain was entitled to all lands west of Cape Verdes Island. Portugal, however, had a stronger navy.
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Why did Spain and Portugal decide to draw up the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1493?
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Spain wanted to confirm its ownership of New World lands but feared interference from Portugal, a powerful seafaring nation that had been active in overseas exploration.
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Who were the conquistadors?
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Independent Spanish adventurers who led their country's army into the New World, seeking wealth, glory and to spread the Roman Catholic faith.
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Which conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire?
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Hernando Cortes
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Why did England and France pay little attention to Amnerica during the 16th century?
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Both countries were experiencing problems caused by the Protestant Reformation.
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What was the Protestant Reformation?
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A religious movement begun by Martin Luther, who taught that an individual's salvation was determined by faith alone, rather than the church's elaborate sacraments
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_____ ______ was a religious thinker who taught the doctrine of predestination.
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John Calvin
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Who were the Huguenots?
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French Protestants
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List two important consequences that followed England's defeat of the Spanish Amrmada.
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1) Defeating the Spanish Armada established England as a great power
2) It prompted England to engage in overseas exploration |
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In which moderen-day Canadian city did Samuel de Champlain set up a trading post?
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Quebec
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Why did the French manage to stay on relatively good terms with the Indains?
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Relatively few Frenchman came to America. Therefore, they were not infringing on Indian territories.
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TRUE OR FALSE: The French established a number of real towns in the Midwest.
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False. French settlements consisted of forts and trading post
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The Dutch West India Company traded with the _____ Indians for furs.
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Iroquois
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What was the patroon system?
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To keep the colony of New Netherlands supplied with food, hte Dutch devised the patroon system that would award large landed estates to men who transported at least fifty familikes to the colony. These transported familikes who work as tenant farmers on the estate of the person who transported them.
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TRUE OR FALSE: Spanish settlements spread through the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.
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False. The French established settlements in these locations.
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Which English king was restored to the British throne following the twenty-year Puritan revolution?
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Charles II
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Which country was England's chief maritime rival during the 17th century?
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Holland
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In general, why did American colonists dislike the Navigation Acts?
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The Navigation Acts increased hte prices that Americans had to pay for British goods and lowered the prices that Americans received for the goods they produced
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TRUE OR FALSE: King Philip's War took place in the Virginia Colony
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False. the war took place in New England
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Who did James II send to head the Dominion of New England?
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Sir Edmund Andros
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How did the Glorious Revolution of 1658 affect the English monarchy?
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The Glorious Revolution of 1658 replaced Catholic James with his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband Williom of Orange as England's monarchs
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Why were the Americans disapponited with the terms set forth the Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle of 1748?
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The British gave Louisbourg back to France in exchange for lands in India
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What famous young major of virginia militia was sent to western Pennsylvania to expel the French?
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George Washington
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What territory did Britain gain in the Treaty of Paris (1763)?
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All of Canada and all of the United States east of the Mississippi
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Which Ottawa chief led a bloody Indian uprising, vowing to drown the entire white population in the sea?
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Pontiac
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What was the Proclamatiion of 1763? Why was it issued?
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1) The Proclamation of 1763 frobade whites to settle west of the Appalachians
2) It was issued to imporve Anglo-Indian relations, prevent further Indian uprisings, and keep settlers closer to the coast, where they would be more easily controlled. |
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TRUE OR FALSE: Violatiors of he Sugar Act faced trial in admiralty courts wihtout benefit of jury or the normal due processes of law?
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True
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The ________ ________ required to pay for the maintennance of British troops stationed in their area.
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Quartering Act
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What British act forbade the colonists from issuing paper money that would not be redeemable in gold or silver?
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The Currency Act of 1764
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Which British act imposed a tax on every piece of printed paper, from newspapers to legal documents, in the colonies?
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The Stamp Act of 1765
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How did the colonist initallly deal with the series of British acts that were passed in the 1760s?
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The colonists used petitions and pamphlets to protest these acts.
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What was the Stamp Act Congress?
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The Stamp Act Congress consisted of delagates from nine colonies that met in 1765 and passed moderate resolutions against the Stamp Act, asserting that Americans could not be taxed without representation.
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How did colonial merchants achieve the repeal of the Stamp Act?
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They boycotted British goods
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What did the Declaratory Act of 1768 state?
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The Declaratory Act of 1768 claimed the powere to tax or make laws for Americans in all cases.
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What main principle did the pamphlet titled Leters from a Farmer in Pennslyvania point out?
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Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania pointed out taht the Townshend act violatied the principle of no taxation without representation.
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Why was the Boston Massacre labeled as such by Samuel Adams when only five people were killed and it was partially incited by the colonists?
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Adams wanted to incite the colonists to rise up against the British.
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What was the Gaspee Affair?
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A group of Rhode Islanders dressed up as Indians and burned the Gaspee, a British schooner.
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Why did the British East Indian Compnay seek a concession from Parlament that allowed it to ship tea directly to the colonies?
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The British East Indai Compnay was in desperate financial straits and hoped to lower the price on its tea so that it would be cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea.
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Why did the Americans resist buying British tea?
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Americans didn't want the British to think that they had accepted Parliament's right to tax them
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How did Bostonians react to Governor thomas hutchinson's plan to attempt to collect the tea tax? What was the British reaction to the colonists?
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1) In the incident later called the Boston Tea Party, Boston colonists disguised themselves as Indians, boarded tea-bearing ships docked in boston Harbor, and threw the tea overboard.
2) In response, the British passed the Boston Port Act, which closed Boston Harbor to all trade until Boston had paid for all the tea. In addition, any royal offcials accused of crimes in Massachusetts would be tried elsewhere. |
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What were the Coercive Acts?
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The Coercive Acts were Britain's response to the dumping of the tea by colonists in Boston Harbor
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What was the Quebec Act? Why were Americans disappointed by it?
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1) The Quebec Act extended the Province of Quebec to the Ohio River, established Roman Catholicism as Quebec's religion, and set up a government without representative assembly in Quebec.
2) American colonists were disappointed because they felt they had fought for the land for westward expansion |
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What were the Intolerable Acts?
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Americans lumped the Quebec Act with the Coercive Acts and referred to them as the Intolerable Acts
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How did Americans initially resopnd to the Coercive Acts?
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They called the First Continental Congress in September 1774
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What were the Suffolk Resolves?
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The Suffolk Resolves denounced the Intolerable Acts and called for strict nonimporation and rigorous preparation of local militia companies in case the British should resort to military force
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How did the British authorities react to the Americans' Continental Congress?
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The British authorities paid little attention to the Americans' grievances and sent more troops to Massachusetts, which they determined to be in a state of rebellion.
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What happened at Lexington and Concord?
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The British marched to Concord to destroy a stockpile of colonial weapons. News of their march was spread by riders like Paul Revere and William Dawes. Minutemen--- a select group of armed militia---- were waiting for the British at Lexington. A shot fired and eight Minuetmen were killed. By the time the British arrived at Concord, all supplies had been moved.
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What was considered to be the bloodiest battle of the American Revolution?
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The Battle at Bunker Hill
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How did King George III resopond to the colonies' petition to intercede with Parliament?
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George III declared that the colonies were in rebellion and that preparations were being made for a full-scale war against America.
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Why did the French help the Americans in its struggle against Britain?
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The Frnech hated Britain and saw the war was a way to weaken Britain by depriving it of its colonies.
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Where was General George Wahington's army forced to take up winter quarters after being driven out of Philadelphia?
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Valley Forge
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Why was the American victory at Saratoga, New York, so important?
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The American victory at Saratoga convinced that French to join openly in the war against England
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In addition to France, name two toher countries that joined America in its war against Britain.
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Holland and Spain
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What was the Americans' outlook after the British victories in the South?
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The Americans' outlook was poor. The British seemed to be winning the war
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