Apush Chapter 20 To Great Depression

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Sacco-Vanzetti case

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A well-known case in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

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The Man Nobody Knows

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a 1925 best-seller by advertising executive Bruce Barton, portrayed Jesus Christ as the greatest advertiser of his day

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rise of the stock market

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as the steadily rising price of stocks made front-page news, the market attracted more investors. Many assumed that stock values would rise forever. By 1928, an estimated 1.5 million Americans owned stock still a small minority of the country’s 28 million families, but more than ever before.

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"welfare capitalism"

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A more socially conscious kind of business leadership in which business tried to attract workers with better benefits.

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Equal Rights Amendment

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A proposed amendment to eliminate all legal distinctions ''on account of sex.''

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the "flapper"

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epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior with bobbed hair, short skirts, etc.

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Teapot Dome Scandal

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Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California.

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McNary-Haugen farm bill

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Vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927 and 1928, the bill to aid farmers would have artificially raised agricultural prices by selling surpluses overseas for low prices and selling the reduced supply in the United States for higher prices.

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Hays code

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a sporadically enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery, and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or criminals sympathetically.

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American Civil Liberties Union

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Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans’ civil liberties.

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"clear and present danger"

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Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declared that the First Amendment did not prevent Congress from prohibiting speech that presented a ‘clear and present danger’ of inspiring illegal actions. Free speech, he observed, would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.

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Scopes trial

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Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution; it became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties.

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"100 percent Americanism"

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The wartime obsession with “100 percent Americanism” continued into the 1920s, a decade of citizenship education programs in public schools, legally sanctioned visits to immigrants’ homes to investigate their household arrangements, and vigorous efforts by employers to instill appreciation for “American values.”

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"illegal alien"

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persons who entered the country in violation of the new nationality quotas or other restrictions. A new enforcement mechanism, the Border Patrol, charged with policing the land boundaries of the United States and empowered to arrest and deport these illegal aliens.

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the "New Negro"

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the term “New Negro,” associated in politics with pan-Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement, in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place. This quest led the writers of what came to be called the Harlem Renaissance to the roots of the black experience, the rural South’s folk traditions, and the life of the urban ghetto.

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bonus marchers

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In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945, only to be driven away by federal soldiers led by the army’s chief of staff, Douglas MacArthur.

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radio

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a machine that allows for long-distance audio communication; revolutionized American culture and society.

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automobile

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a machine that allows for personal transportation; was the ‘equalizer of opportunity’ in that it allowed poor people to get to the same locations as rich people, as well as decreasing dependence on public transportation.

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Installment Plan

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a system for paying for an item in fixed amounts at specified intervals

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Warren G. Harding

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promised America a return to “normalcy” after World War I. Scandals affected his presidency such as the Ohio Gang that had to do with financial jobs that he offered his friends and Teapot Dome.

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Calvin Coolidge

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He restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration. He continued Harding’s anti-Progressive policies. His vetoing of the McNary-Haugen bill prevented federal aid to farmers.

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William H. Taft

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President of the U.S. from 1909-1913. Later became Supreme Court Justice. Under him, the Supreme Court remained strongly conservative and struck down Progressive legislation in favor of laissez-faire jurisprudence

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Fordney-McCumber Tariff

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Introduced in 1922 by Warren Harding, this raised taxes on imported goods to the highest it has ever been in history.

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Washington Naval Arms Conference

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This was an international conference the U.S. called to limit the naval arms race and to arrange security agreements in the Pacific region.

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Lost Generation

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American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, who became disillusioned with the conservatism of American politics and the materialism of the culture.

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Immigration Act of 1924

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This limited European immigration through a series of national quotas.

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Meyer v. Nebraska

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deemed a law that made it illegal to teach students a foreign language unconstitutional

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Horace Kallen

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of German-Jewish origin, he coined the phrase “cultural pluralism” to describe a society that gloried in ethnic diversity rather than attempting to suppress it. He challenged the idea that southern and eastern Europeans were unfit to become American citizens and encouraged tolerance of difference.

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Herbert Hoover

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president during the Great Depression and opposed direct government interference in the economy

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Harlem Renaissance

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a cultural movement in 1920s America during which black art, literature, and music experienced renewal and growth,

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Hawley-Smoot Tariff

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raised the price on imported goods signed by Hoover

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Black Tuesday

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It occurred on October 29, 1929, when 16,410,030 shares of stocks were sold in panic. It marked the beginning of the Great Depression in America and demonstrated the importance of the stock-market’s effect on the American economy.

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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Created by law signed by Hoover to loan money to failing banks, railroads, and other businesses.

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Hoovervilles

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Ramshackle shantytowns in parks and abandoned lands within cities set up by thousands of evicted families