Apush 2 Final

Front 1

James B. Weaver

Back 1

candidate for the People's Party (Populists); advocated more substantial economic reform. He received over 1 million votes in the election of 1892

Front 2

Crime of 73

Back 2

1873, Congress passed a law that officially discontinued silver coinage; this was nost objectionable at the time, but later, the market value of silver fell below the mint ratio of 16 to 1.

Silver was now widely available for coinage, but Congress had closed this potential method of expanding the currency.

Americans believed that big bankers had conspired to "demonetize" silver.

Silver-mine owners and farmers were eager to remonetize silver. Silver-mine owners wanted the govt to buy surplus silver; farmers wanted to raise the prices of farm products.

Front 3

Populist (People's) Party

Back 3

Populist Party called for shorter hours for workers, restrictions on immigration, and denounced the use of private detective agencies as strikebreakers in labor disputes.

The party didn't attrack substantial labor support because labor demands and farmers demands were often at odds.

Front 4

"Cross of Gold"

Back 4

Speech given by William Jennings Bryan while campaigning for the election of 1896.

Because of his ardent defense of free silver, the Democrats voted to adopt the pro-silver platform, and farmers began to see Bryan as their leader.

Front 5

Muckrakers

Back 5

A group of journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices. They were committed to exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice.

EG:
*Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities; machine govt and boss rule)
*Upton Sinclair (The Jungle; meat-packing industry)

Front 6

Direct Primary

Back 6

voters directly choose the candidates who will run for office; in most cases, only registered party members may vote in primaries

Front 7

Direct Election of Senators

Back 7

17th Amendment; ratified 1913

state residents will vote for senators; they will not be appointed/elected by a state legislature

Front 8

Bull Moose Party

Back 8

aka Progressives; created 1912 when Republican Party split; led by Teddy Roosevelt when he lost the Repub. nomination to Taft

Called for govt intervention to protect the people from selfish business interests

Front 9

New Nationalism

Back 9

Teddy Roosevelt's set of principles outlined in a speech given in Kansas 1910

Argues that social justice is possible only through the efforts of a strong federal govt whose executive is a "steward of the public welfare."

He supported graduated income and inheritance taxes, workers' comp for industrial accidents, regulation of women/child labor, tariff revision, and firmer regulation of corporations.

Front 10

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Back 10

founded 1909 by WEB DuBois; led the drive for equal rights, using federal lawsuits as a principal weapon

Front 11

19th Amendment

Back 11

ratified 1920

Women granted the right to vote

Front 12

Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act

Back 12

1906; sought to restore some regulatory authority to the govt by giving the Interstate Commerce Commission authority to inspect the books of railroad companies

Front 13

Federal Reserve Act

Back 13

1913; created twelve regional banks, each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks of its district.

The regional Federal Reserve banks would hold a certain percentage of the assets of their member banks in reserve; they would use those reserve to support loans to private banks at an interest rate that the Federal Reserve system would set; they would issue Federal Reserve notes, which would become the nation's basic currency, backed by the govt.

They would be able to shift funds quickly to troubled areas, to meet increased demands for credit or to protect imperiled banks.

A national Federal Reserve Board, members appointed by the Pres, would supervise and regulate the system.

Front 14

Yellow Journalism

Back 14

a sensationalist style of reporting and writing, and a self-conscious effort to reach a mass market.

Front 15

The Maine

Back 15

US battleship blew up in Havana Harbor; many Americans assumed that the Spanish sunk the ship

War hysteria swept the country, exaggerated by yellow journalism newspapers, and Congress unanimously appropriated $50mill for military preparations

Front 16

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 16

26th Pres; 1901-1909
In Spanish-American War, led Rough Riders up San Juan Hill
Leader of Bull Moose Party

Front 17

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Back 17

formal end to Spanish-American War

confirmed terms of armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam; ceded Philippines to US, and US gave $20mill to Spain for them.

Front 18

Teller Amendment

Back 18

1898; US could not annex Cuba, but most leave control of the country to its own citizens

Front 19

Platt Amendment

Back 19

1901; barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations; gave US right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence/life/property; required Cuba to permit US naval stations on its territory.

Left Cuba with only minimal political independence.

Front 20

Open Door Notes

Back 20

Sec. of State John Hays translated Open Door policy into the "Open Door Notes," given to Germany, Russia, England, France, Japan, Italy.

In Notes, he asked them agree that each nation with a 'sphere of influence' in China would allow other nations to trade freely and equally in its sphere.

Russia rejected them, Japan/Europe coolly received them. Countries claimed to accept them in principal but refused to act unless all powers agreed.

Hay announced that all powers accepted principles, and the US expected them to observe these principles. However, it was unenforcible.

Front 21

Roosevelt and the "Big Stick"

Back 21

slogan used to describe Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

US not only had the right to oppose European intervention in the W Hemisphere, but the US could itself intervene in domestic affairs of its neighbors if they couldn't maintain order/sovereignty themselves.

Front 22

Hay-Herran Treaty

Back 22

1903; between Sec. of State Hay and Colombia's Dr. Tomas Herran

Not ratified, but would have allowed US to acquire 99-yr renewable lease on strip of land in Panama (then part of Colombia)

Front 23

Panamanian Revolution

Back 23

Roosevelt landed troops in Panama to "maintain order," preventing Colombian troops from suppressing the rebellion. Three days later, Roosevelt recognized Panama as an independent nation.

Colombia refused to sign Hay-Herran treaty, so US staged this revolution in order to gain the land for the Panama Canal without the treaty.

Front 24

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 24

US policy (esp. under Taft) to further foreign policy aims in S America through use of its economic power, by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.

Front 25

Lusitania

Back 25

British passenger ship sunk by German submarines in 1915; 128 Americans died

Wilson demanded that Germany promise not to repeat the event, and Germany agreed, but in 1916, when Allies announced they'd arm their merchant ships to sink submarines, Germany declared that it would fire on them without warning.

Germany sunk the French ship Sussex, again killing Americans. Wilson repeated his demand for the Germans to stop, and they relented.

Front 26

Arabic Pledge

Back 26

Germany would warn non-military ships 30 min before they sank them, to ensure that passengers/crew got out safely.

Broken 1916, when Germany destroyed French ship Sussex.

Front 27

Sussex Pledge

Back 27

Germany promised that:
*passenger ships wouldn't be targeted
*merchant ships wouldn't be sunk until it was proven that they carried contraband
*merchant ships wouldn't be sunk until provisions for safety of passengers/crew were made

Front 28

Selective Service Act (1917)

Back 28

Wilson passed the act which instated a national draft. It brought nearly 3 million men into the army

Front 29

Committee on Public Information

Back 29

Vast govt propaganda campaign; directed by George Creel

CPI supervised distribution of 75mill pieces of printed material and controlled much of the info available for newspapers and magazines.

Creel encouraged journalists to exercise self-censorship when reporting war news, and most journalists covered the war as the govt wanted.

Front 30

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Back 30

Espionage Act (1917)
Gave govt new tools with which to combat spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war efforts

Sabotage & Sedition Act (1918)
made any public expression of opposition to the war illegal; allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the Pres or govt.

These laws most often targeted anticapitalist groups such as the Socialist Party or the Wobblies

Front 31

Schenk v. United States (1919)

Back 31

Question of whether Schenk had 1st Amend. right to speak against the draft during wartime

Ruled that 1st Amend. didn't protect free speech that created a "clear and present danger" (eg shouting fire in crowded theatre)

Front 32

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Back 32

ended WWI;

Germany and its allies would accept full responsibility for causing the war, would disarm, make territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain Allied countries

Front 33

Fourteen Points

Back 33

Wilson's proposed blueprint for peace and stability in Europe after WWI;

included free trade, open agreements, democracy, self-determination

Front 34

Jazz Age

Back 34

1920s, theme of the age was individualism and emphasis on pursuit of pleasures/enjoyment in the wake of WWI.

Front 35

Scopes Trial

Back 35

William Jennings Bryan (Creationism) and Clarence Darrow (Evolutionism) were lawyers in case testing validity of law that forbade teaching of evolution in TN.

Ultimately court ruled that the law forbidding evolution teaching was constitutional.

Front 36

Harlem Renaissance

Back 36

artistic, cultural, social revival in Harlem during 1920s

"Great Migration" of blacks to NE brought culture with them, and now had an outlet for expressing themselves through art, music, literature.

Front 37

Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti

Back 37

two anarchist immigrants accused of murder; case was weak and suffused with nativist prejudices, so they were convicted and sentenced to death.

Support for Sacco and Vanzetti grew over the next several years, but they were executed 1927, amid widespread protests.

Front 38

Red Scare

Back 38

After small groups of radicals presumed responsible for a series of bombings in 1919, Red Scare began.

30 states enacted new peacetime sedition laws imposing harsh penalties on those who promoted revolution. Spontaneous acts of violence against supposed radicals in some communities, and calculated efforts by universities, etc to expel radicals.

Front 39

Palmer Raids

Back 39

Attorney Gen. A Mitchell Palmer and his assistant J Edgar Hoover orchestrated a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country and arrested over 6k ppl. Most of the arrested were released, but about 500 non-US citizens were deported.

Front 40

Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)

Back 40

raised taxes on over 20k imported goods to record levels; many countries retaliated and imports/exports plummetted.

Many critics believed it worsened the Great Depression

Front 41

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Back 41

chartered during Hoover administration; gave $2bill in aid to state/local govts, made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage associations, etc.

Front 42

Bonus Army

Back 42

group of 31k WWI veterans who demonstrated in DC in 1932 to seek immediate payment of a "bonus" granted by the Adjusted Service Certification Law (1924), slated for payment in 1945

Front 43

Hundred Days

Back 43

first 100 days FDR was in office; set up New Deal programs.

Front 44

Emergency Banking Act

Back 44

FDR declared bank "holiday" to solve bank crisis.

Act provided for system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision, with federal loans available if needed.

Front 45

Truth in Securities Act (1933)

Back 45

required corporations issuing new securities to provide full and accurate information about them to the public

Front 46

Economy Act

Back 46

designed to convince the public, and esp. the business community, that the federal govt was in safe, responsible hands.

It proposed to balance the federal budget by cutting salaries of govt employees and reducing veterans' pensions by up to 15%

Front 47

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

Back 47

gave govt the authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks;

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guaranteed all bank deposits up to $2.5k

Front 48

Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)

Back 48

would police the stock market

Front 49

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)

Back 49

producers of seven basic commodities (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy) would decide on product limits for their crops.

The govt, through the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) would then tell individual farmers how much they should produce and would pay them subsidies for leaving land idle.

A tax on food processing would provide funds for subsidies

Front 50

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

Back 50

permitted the govt to pay farmers to reduce production in order to conserve soil, prevent erosion

Front 51

Resettlement Administration (1935) and Farm Security Administration (1937)

Back 51

provided loans to help farmers cultivating submarginal soil to relocate to better lands

Front 52

Rural Electrification Administration

Back 52

worked to make electric power available for the first time to thousands of farmers through utility cooperatives

Front 53

National Recovery Act (1933)

Back 53

established the Nat'l Recovery Adminstration (NRA)

director Johnson called on every business establishment to accept a temporary blanket code:
*minimum wage of 30-40 cents/hr
*max workweek of 35-40 hrs
*abolition of child labor

He also negotiated a more specific set of codes with leaders of major industries. These set floors below which no company would lower prices/wages in search for competitive advantage, and included provisions for maintaining employment and productive.

Front 54

Section 7A of NIRA

Back 54

promised workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining and encouraged many workers to join unions

it contained no enforcement mechanisms

Front 55

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Back 55

established to administer the NIRA's spending programs

Front 56

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Back 56

authorized to complete dam at Muscle Shoals and build others in the region, as well as to generate and sell electricy from them to the public at reasonable rates.

intended to be an agent for a comprehensive redevelopment of the entire region: for encouraging the growth of local industries, for supervising a substantial program of reforestation, and for helping farmers improve productivity

improved water transportation, eliminated flooding in the region, provided electricity to thousands

Front 57

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Back 57

provided cash grants to states to prop up bankrupt relief agencies

Front 58

Civil Works Administration

Back 58

put over 4mill ppl to work on temporary projects, such as construction of roads, schools, and parks.

Front 59

Civilian Conservation Corps

Back 59

created camps in nat'l parks and forests; young unemployed men from cities worked in semimilitary environments on projects such as planting trees, building reservoirs, developing parks, and improving agricultural irrigation

Front 60

Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

Back 60

enabled farmers to regain land even after foreclosure of their mortgages

Front 61

Huey Long

Back 61

Senator who advocated Share-Our-Wealth plan as alternative to the New Deal

govt could end Depression by using the tax system to confiscate surplus riches of wealthy and redistributing the surplus to the rest of the population. The govt could guarantee every family a minimum "homestead" of $5k and an annual wage of $2.5k

Front 62

Father Charles Coughlin

Back 62

proposed a series of monetary reforms--remonetization of silver, issuing of greenbacks, nationalization of banking system.

he insisted this would resotre prosperity and ensure economic justice.

Front 63

Francis Townsend

Back 63

his "Townsend Plan" proposed that all Americans over 60yrs would receive monthly govt pensions of $200 if they retired and spent the money in full each month

Front 64

"Roosevelt Recession"

Back 64

Recession of 1937;

recession thought to be caused by high spending due to New Deal programs; helped strengthen new Conservative Coalition

by 1939, all effects of recession disappeared

Front 65

Committee on Industrial Organization (CIO)

Back 65

John Lewis founded; later renamed Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

expanded the constituency of the labor movement to include women/blacks; organized drives targeting previously unorganized insutries where women and minorities where a major part of the work force. CIO also more militant than AFL

Front 66

Munich Agreement

Back 66

agreement regarding Sudetenland Crisis

Hitler invaded Sudetenland; Allies agreed to let him keep the land as long as he didn't take any more land.

Front 67

Atlantic Charter

Back 67

negotiated at Atlantic Conference;

established vision for post-WWII world. self-determination, freedom on the seas, trade barriers lowered, territorial adjustments would be in accordance with wants of people

Front 68

War Labor Board

Back 68

est. 1918

served as final mediator in labor disputes
pressured industry to grant important concessions to workers: 8hr workday, maintenance of minimum living standards, equal pay for women doing equal work, recognition of right of unions to organize/bargain collectively.

in return, it insisted that workers forgo strikes and employers not engage in lockouts

Front 69

Smith-Connally Act

Back 69

required that unions wait 30 days before striking

empowered president to seize a struck war plant

Front 70

GI Bill of Rights
aka
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

Back 70

provided housing, education, and job training subsidies to veterans; increased spending further

Front 71

Korematsu v. United States (1944)

Back 71

court ruled that internment of Japanese was NOT unconstitutional

Front 72

Philip Randolph

Back 72

Pres. of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (union w/ black membership)

insisted that govt require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate their work forces

he planned a massive march on DC, but FDR persuaded him to cancel the march in return for a promise to establish the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industries

Front 73

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 73

made closed shop (worker must be member of union to be hired) illegal; allowed creation of union shops (after being hired must join union); permitted states to pass right-to-work laws, prohibiting union shops.

allowed president to call for a 10-week "cooling-off" period before a strike by issuing an injunction against any work stoppage that endangered nat'l safey or health

the Act damaged weaker unions in lightly organized industries

Front 74

Dixiecrats

Back 74

Democrats who opposed Truman's civil rights bill broke with the party to form the Dixiecrat Party

candidate Strom Thurmond

Front 75

McCarran Internal Security Act

Back 75

required that all communist organizations register with the govt and publish their records

Truman vetoed, but Congress overrode the veto.

Front 76

House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC)

Back 76

held widely publicized investigations to prove that, under Democratic rule, govt had tolerated if not encouraged communist subversion

first targeted movie industry with the Hollywood Ten, arguing that communists infiltrated Hollywood and tainted US films with propaganda

Front 77

Truman Doctrine

Back 77

Diplomat George Kennan's belief that US policy must support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities and outside pressures

>>Stalin was trying to win control over vital sea lanes in Turkey; communists in Greece were threatening pro-W govt; US must assist pro-W forces in both cases

Front 78

Marshall Plan

Back 78

plan to provide economic assistance to all European nations that would join in drafting a program for recovery

Russia + E allies rejected the plan, but 16 other nations agreed.

Marshall Plan funnelled over $12bill into Europe, helping to spark an economic revival.

Front 79

George Kennan

Back 79

diplomat whose beliefs became the basis of the Truman Doctrine

Front 80

Berlin Blockade

Back 80

Stalin imposed blockade around W sectors of Berlin to prevent W control of it

Truman ordered massive airlift to supply city with food/fuel/etc, for 10 months.

1949, Stalin lifted the ineffective bloackde

Oct, Germany was officially divided into 2 nations

Front 81

The Open Door

Back 81

1900, Europe+Japan had carved up China among themselves, seized Chinese territories and claimed them as "spheres of influence."

McKinley wanted access, but no special advantages, in China.

In "Open Door Notes," proposed that each nation with a sphere of influence allow all other nations to trade equally and freely within.

Front 82

John Foster Dulles

Back 82

innovated strategy of "massive retaliation"

US would respond to communist threats not by using conventional forces in local conflicts (as in Korea), but by relying on the deterrent nuclear power

reflected his inclination for tense confrontations, an approach called "brinkmanship">> pushing USSR to brink of war to get concessionsto

Front 83

Dien Bien Phu

Back 83

Village in Vietnam

French troops became surrounded in a seige there, but Eisenhower refused to permit direct US military intervention in Vietnam

France settled the conflict at the same internat'l conference that was settling the Korean War

Front 84

Geneva Accords

Back 84

1954; established temporary division of Vietnam along 17th ||

N governed by Ho Chi Minh, S by a W regime (Ngo Dinh Diem established as US by leader, no election b/c as Catholic, would lose to Buddhist majority)

Front 85

Sputnik

Back 85

USSR launched satellite into space; US hadn't done so and US govt/society began to panic.

federal policy began funding efforts to improve scientific education, create more research labs, and speed development of US's exploration of space

Front 86

Missile Gap

Back 86

perceived discrepancy between # and power of weapons in USSR and in US

due to exaggerated estimates by Gaither Committee and US Air Force

Front 87

Interstate Highway Act (1956)

Back 87

appropriated $41bill for highway construction; largest public works project to date

Eisenhower supported highways for nat'l defense

Front 88

Brown v. BOE

Back 88

overturned Pless v. Ferguson; ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional

segregation inflicted damage o those it affected, regardless of the relative quality of the schools.

Front 89

Civil Rights Act 1965

Back 89

akak Voting Rights Act

provided federal protection to blacks attempting to vote

Front 90

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

Back 90

integrated alternative to regular party; lead by Fannie Lou Hamer, etc

challenged regular party's right to its seats at Dem Nat'l Convention

Front 91

Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty (INF)

Back 91

agreement between Reagan and Gorbachev

eliminated nuclear and ballistic cruise missiles; both nations were allowed to respect each other's military installations

Front 92

Domino Theory

Back 92

if one region comes under communist control, nearby regions will soon follow

used during Cold War to justify US intervention

Front 93

Iran-Contra Scandal

Back 93

US admitted it sold weapons to the govt of Iran to (unsuccessfully) negotiate the release of US hostages

some of the money from the arms deal in Iran and been funnelled into aid to the contras in Nicaragua

Front 94

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) aka Star Wars

Back 94

through use of lasers and satellites, SDI would provide effective shield against incoming missiles, making nuclear war obsolete

USSR claimed that the new program would elevate the arms race to a more dangerous level, and insisted that any arms control agreement begin with US abandoning SDI

Front 95

Voodoo Economics,
aka Supply-Side Economics

Back 95

economic growth can be managed using incentives for people to produce (supply) goods and services

Front 96

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Back 96

US provided political and military support to Shah of Iran; his people, though, resented him and opposed his efforts to westernize Iranian society. He was forced to flee the country 1979

Zealous leader Ayatollah Kohmeini incited mob to invade US embassy in Tehran and seize diplomats as hostages

Weeks after hostage seizure, USSR troops invade Afghanistan and Carter imposes economic sanctions on USSR

Front 97

Camp David Accords

Back 97

Carter hosted Egyptian Begin and Israeli Sadat; they agreed on the framework for a peace treaty, and later signed the formal treaty known as the Camp David Accords

Front 98

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)

Back 98

froze arsenals of some nuclear missiles (ICBMs) on US and USSR side