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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Def: The faculty of knowing
Recognition and Perception: objects, faces, spatial representations Attention and Consciousness Language: lexical, semantic, syntactic systems Memory Judgment and reasoning (problem solving) Executive functioning |
Cognition
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“ability to maintain a coherent line of thought or action.”
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Attention
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degree of wakefulness or level of consciousness
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Arousal
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Unresponsiveness/Arousal
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Damage to the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) within the brain stem terminating in the thalamus
From the thalamus, have projections to cerebral cortex via the white matter fibers. |
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3 mental operations involved in moving attention from one location to another
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Disengagement of attention from its current focus (parietal lobe engagement)
Moving attention to another location (midbrain engagement) Engaging attention at that location (frontal-diencephalon system |
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: a localized behavioral response to internal sensations (pain, temperature, thirst, hunger, discomfort) and/or external sensations (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory)
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Focused Attention
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The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during a continuous activity that is specifically related to that activity. Events occur slowly and vigilance is required.
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Sustained Attention
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The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or single tasks with multiple task demands.
Associated with frontal lobes |
Divided Attention
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The ability to maintain a behavioral response to an activity in the face of distracting internal (irrelevant thoughts) or external stimuli. One has to selectively attend to relevant information and inhibit irrelevant information. Right frontal lobe particularly involved
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Selective Attention
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The ability to shift one’s attention back and forth between tasks or from one task to the next.
Associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (bilaterally) Ridley Stroop in 1935 published a paper in Journal of Experimental Psychology When you have two dimensions of stimuli and you are paying attention to one, you can’t ignore the other. |
Alternating Attention
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Fatiguing elements (extended vigilance)
Increasing memory demands Task complexity Time pressure Not personally relevant |
Areas of attention decline in > 80
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Stored knowledge and the processes of manipulating and retrieving knowledge.
A relatively enduring change in behavior as a result of experience |
Memory
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Reconceptualization of short-term memory
Active role in concurrent information processing and storage activities Involves large bilateral portions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex |
Working memory
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responsible for the selection & execution of strategies for maintaining & shifting attention, coordinating & manipulating information.
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Central executive system
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1. phonological loop that acts as a brief acoustic store with an articulatory rehearsal mechanism.
2. stores and manipulates nonverbal spatial representations |
Verbal system
Spatial sketchpad |
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There is only a limited amount of processing capability available (number of ‘slots’ in the system) not time per se.
Decays rapidly Needs frequent updating |
Prob. w/ working memory
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Ability to consciously recollect facts, names or events when needed
Includes episodic memory, concepts (semantic) memory and word (lexical) memory |
Declarative memory
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Factual knowledge of events or episodes
Recollection of conscious experiences from personal past Involves both recall and recognition Hippocampus and projections to temporal and frontal lobes |
Episodic memory
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Sum total of our knowledge. Facts about the world, meanings of words and concepts
Structures surrounding the hippocampus are critical for new semantic memory Storage appears to involve the lateral temporal lobes in the form of a distributed network. Strength of connections |
Concepts memory
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Memory that is contained within learned skills or modifiable cognitive operations. (Squire 1987)
Knowledge of “how to” with an implied understanding of “when”, but no readily available explanation of “what” Series of condition-action relationships |
Procdural memory
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There is only a limited amount of processing capability available (number of ‘slots’ in the system) not time per se.
Decays rapidly Needs frequent updating |
Prob. w/ working memory
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Ability to consciously recollect facts, names or events when needed
Includes episodic memory, concepts (semantic) memory and word (lexical) memory |
Declarative memory
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Factual knowledge of events or episodes
Recollection of conscious experiences from personal past Involves both recall and recognition Hippocampus and projections to temporal and frontal lobes |
Episodic memory
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Sum total of our knowledge. Facts about the world, meanings of words and concepts
Structures surrounding the hippocampus are critical for new semantic memory Storage appears to involve the lateral temporal lobes in the form of a distributed network. Strength of connections |
Concepts memory
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Memory that is contained within learned skills or modifiable cognitive operations. (Squire 1987)
Knowledge of “how to” with an implied understanding of “when”, but no readily available explanation of “what” Series of condition-action relationships |
Procdural memory
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Ability to process and perform, without the perceiver’s conscious recollection of the stimulus.
Also includes priming (prior exposure improves recall) Includes associative learning (classical and operant conditioning-pairing of a neutral stimulus to a learned response) Builds with repetitions Involves the basal ganglia |
Implicit memory
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Memory of our distant past
Reminiscence bump:memories of our teen years and early adult years seem to be most resilient to decay |
Remote memory
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1. memory trace fades with passage of time; details lost
Interference_original learning is disrupted by subsequent learning 2.-what you learned before interferes with what you're trying to remember now 3.-information you’ve just learned interferes with ability to remember previous information |
Passive decay
proactive interferance Retroactive interferance |
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short-term (tested with span tasks) appears to remain relatively intact as one ages.
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Primary memory
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Ability to recognize and monitor one’s own memory capabilities and effectiveness.
Frequently impaired with frontal lobe injury May be affected with age. May help explain the poor generalization of procedures form training tasks to other tasks and ability to maintain them over time. Retrospective memory refers to the ability to remember past events Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember for upcoming events. Persons with prospective memory impairment commonly rely on prosthetic systems like appointment books, reminders from others, or electronic reminder systems. |
Metamemory
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1. refers to the ability to remember past events
2. refers to the ability to remember for upcoming events |
Retrospective memory
Prospective memory |
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which is the active organization or manipulation of incoming information
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Encoding
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Allows one to operate in a regulated fashion beyond that of instinct, habit or impulse.
The ability to project action into internal or external environments |
Executive functioning
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The ability to plan and follow through with the steps necessary to achieve a desired goal.
Motivation Anticipation Organization Sequencing Modifications of plan |
Selection and execution
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The ability to utilize internal and external feedback to control accuracy and appropriateness of ones behavior when executing a plan.
Awareness Insight Judgment |
Self regulation
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Ability to know self strengths & limitations
Ability to set realistic goals Ability to plan and organize behavior designed to achieve the goals Ability to initiate behavior toward achieving goals and inhibit behavior incompatible with achieving goals. Ability to monitor and evaluate performance Ability to flexibly revise plans and strategically solve problems in the event of difficulty or failure |
Effects of thoughtful behavior
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Cancellation tasks, repeating graphomotor patterns, trail making
Vigilance: sustained attention Selection:disengaging and engaging in tasks |
Attention and concentration skills
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Visual matching, “odd-man-out” with abstract designs, clock drawing, geographic locations
Visual perception: scanning, discriminating, analyzing, interpreting visual information Visual construction: ability to create visual stimuli using perceptual skills and motor responses |
Visuospatial skills
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Slow or rapid force applied to stationary head so it is crushed.
Impression trauma-meninges and cortex at site of impact are damaged |
Static loading
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Results from head motion generated by either impact or impulsive forces. Results in
Translational (Linear) acceleration: all parts of the body are similarly accelerated & there is no resultant relative movement among parts of the brain but there is differential movement between the brain and the skull. This results in contusions which occur directly opposite the the point of impact. This is called contrecoup contusions |
Inertial or accelerated loading
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consists of the area of brain tissue characterized by multifocal capillary hemorrhages, vascular engorgement and edema
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Contusion or bruise
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when the head receives a force that does not pass through its center of gravity resulting in a twisting motion between the brain and the skull and causes shear-strain or distortion of the brain tissue. This causes permanent stretching or rupturing of neuronal fibers that interconnect different brain regions. Referred to as diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Most lesions occur in the deep white matter.
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Rotational (angular)acceleration
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Brain is 15% of body weight; brain is 3% of adult’s body weight
More pliable because of unfused sutures and open fontanelles Greater elasticity and may absorb energy of physical impact better However, > pliability may result in > risk of hemorrhages. In child, floors of the the middle cranial fossa and orbital roofs are smooth and offer little resistance |
Infant vs. adult head
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Cerebral Edema
Intracranial Pressure Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage- decrease in O2 Hemorrhages Seizures |
Secondary damage after TBI
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Cerebral edema is an increase in brain volume due to an accumulation of excess water in the brain tissue. Most common secondary effect of brain injury
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Cerebral Edema
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Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
Blood that does reach the brain may be poorly oxygenated because Respiratory distress, Slowed heart rate resulting in poor supply of blood to brain, Constricted cerebral blood vessels Cerebral vasoplasm (constriction of muscular layer surrounding blood vessels) Along with ICP, most severe CHI have hypoxic injury Areas which are most susceptible are hippocampi (80%) which will cause damage to memory capabilities |
Hypoxic-ischemic attack
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Result from laceration of the middle meningeal artery by fx bone. Involves bleeding between the skull bones and the dura mater. Typical pt recovers from unconsciousness & then 1-2 hrs later develops paralysis as a result of compression of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere’s expanding hematoma.
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Extradural (epidural) hematoma:
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Rupture of the small blood vessels within the subdural space leading to bleeding between the dura mater and arachnoid.
Develops slowly: some cases days or weeks after TBI High mortality rate Automobile accidents are frequent cause |
subdural hemmorhage
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Rupture of the blood vessels that cross the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater.
Common after TBI Detected in blood in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Spontaneous recovery |
subarachnoid hemmorhage
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Consists of progressive gait disturbance
Urinary incontinence Frontal lobe dysfunction May occur years, months or weeks after a subarachnoid hemorrhage |
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
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Sudden, transient alteration of neurologic function often with modification of consciousness due to an abnormal discharge of neurons
Epilepsy: a neurologic disorder manifested by recurrent seizures. |
seizures
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Occurs during childhood and can persist into teens
An abrupt loss of awareness which may last only a few seconds Patient has a bewildered look but no abnormal movements Abnormal EEG waves If adult onset, usually related to lesion in temporal lobe |
Petit Mal epilepsy
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Also known as tonic-clonic seizures or primary generalized seizures
Episodes of sudden loss of consciousness with associated motor activity such as collapsing to the ground and shaking Abnormal EEG As many as 25% or persons with CVA may develop seizure disorder usually from 6-9 months post CVA |
Grand Mal epilepsy
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Caused by highly localized focal lesions.
May start in a distal limb and spread over the course of time to involve the rest of a limb or one side of the body. Usually from lesions in the temporal lobe Tempo-limbic epilepsy (TLE): recurrent episodes of involuntary, apparently purposeful, complex motor activity carried out in a repetitive manner. Estabrooks p. 38 |
Focal epilepsy
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tumors of the nervous system that arise from within the brain
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Gliomas
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most malignant tumor of the brain
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Glioblastoma
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New memory complaint
Objective evidence of impairment of STM for age (short-term memory) Normal general cognitive functions No substantial interference with work, social activities or ADLs No dementia according to criteria |
Mild Cognitive impariment
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One of the following: impaired handling of complex tasks, impaired reasoning ability, impaired spatial ability and orientation, impaired language
On basis of patient’s history and mental status examination, patient has difficulty learning and retaining new information |
Alzheimers Disease
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Also known as Dementia and Cerebrovascular Disease (DCVD)
One of the following: impaired handling of complex tasks, impaired reasoning ability, impaired spatial ability and orientation, impaired language On basis of patient’s history and mental status examination, patient has difficulty learning and retaining new information |
Vascular dementia
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Also known as Dementia and Cerebrovascular Disease (DCVD)
One of the following: impaired handling of complex tasks, impaired reasoning ability, impaired spatial ability and orientation, impaired language On basis of patient’s history and mental status examination, patient has difficulty learning and retaining new information |
Subcortical dementias
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do need to know- initial diagnosis is Aphasia but it gets worse and worse
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Primary Progressive Aphasia
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Testing for Aphasia
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Language Processes
Cognitive Processes Repetition Oromotor Functioning Intelligibility of Speech Their perceived handicap |