Apes Chapter 6

Front 1

individual

Back 1

a single organism, first unit of natural selection

Front 2

population

Back 2

individuals that belong to the same species and live in given areas at particular times

Front 3

community

Back 3

populations in given areas

Front 4

ecosystem

Back 4

all biotic and abiotic components with a flow of energy and matter

Front 5

biosphere

Back 5

incorporation of all ecosystems

Front 6

population size

Back 6

total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time

Front 7

population density

Back 7

number of individuals per unit area/volume (aquatics)

Front 8

population distribution

Back 8

how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

Front 9

population sex ration

Back 9

ratio of males to females

Front 10

population age structure

Back 10

how many individuals fit into particular age categories

Front 11

density-dependent factors

Back 11

influence an individual's probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on size of population

(ex- food, space)

Front 12

Georgii Gause

Back 12

biologist who demonstrated how food supply controls population growth

Front 13

limiting resource

Back 13

a resource that a population cannot live without and which occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

Front 14

density-independent factor

Back 14

effects an individual's probability of survival/reproduction at any population size

(ex- natural disaster, disease)

Front 15

N=Noert

Back 15

N=final population size

No= initial population size

r= growth rate in decimal form

t= time

e= constant (ex on calc.)

Front 16

carrying capacity

Back 16

maximum that population can reach

Front 17

overshoot

Back 17

when population exceeds carrying capacity on graph

Front 18

die back

Back 18

after population comes down

Front 19

r-species

Back 19

short life span, short time until reproductive maturity, many reproductive events, many offspring, small size, no parental care, fast growth rate, density independent pop. regulation, population dynamics are highly variable

Front 20

k-species

Back 20

long life span, long time until reproductive maturity, few number of reproductive events, few number of offspring, large size, parental care, slow pop growth rate, density dependent pop regulation, pop dynamics are stable and near the carrying capacity

Front 21

type 1 survivorship curve

Back 21

high chance of survival, dies in large numbers with old age (humans, elephants, whales)

Front 22

type 2 curve

Back 22

constant decline in survivorship throughout life

(corals and squirrels)

Front 23

type 3

Back 23

low survivorship early in life, few individuals reach adulthood, r-species

(mosquitoes and dandelions)

Front 24

competitive exclusion principal

Back 24

states that two species competing competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

Front 25

predation

Back 25

the use of one species as a resource by another species

Front 26

mutualistic relationship

Back 26

benefits two interacting species by increasing by increasing both of their chances of survival/reproduction

Front 27

commensalism

Back 27

one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Front 28

symbiotic relationship

Back 28

the relationship of two species that live in close association with one another

Front 29

keystone species

Back 29

a species that plays a role in its community that is far more important that its relative abundance might suggest

Front 30

ecological succession

Back 30

the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time

Front 31

primary succession

Back 31

beginning of a new ecosystem initially devoid of soil. starts with nothing and then algae, lichens, or mosses

Front 32

secondary succession

Back 32

disturbed areas with soil, follows event like fire or hurricane

Front 33

pioneer species

Back 33

first species to colonize new areas rapidly, grow well in full sun

Front 34

species richness effected by time:

Back 34

older communities have had more time for speciation

Front 35

habitat size and distance relate to species richness:

Back 35

larger habitats are capable of supporting larger populations and contain more environmental conditions. many can only disperse short distances so they live on islands closer from where they left.