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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Nervous System |
Controls & interprets all sensations & muscles movements. Body's primary communication & body functions. Uses electrical activity. |
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Receptors |
Specialized nervous structures (endings). |
In the skin, detects infomation about touch. |
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Stimuli |
Changes in external & internal environment. |
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Effectors |
Initiate response from nerves. Include a muscle tissue and glands. Muscle contraction or change in gland secretion. |
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Central Nervous System (CNS) |
Anatomic division. Includes brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by vertebral canal. |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
Anatomic division. Includes nerves and ganglia. |
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Nerves |
Bundles of neuron processes. |
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Ganglia |
Clusters of neuron cell bodies. |
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Sensory Nervous System (SNS) |
Responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors. Transmits information to the CNS. |
Adherent nervous system |
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Somatic Sensory |
Detects stimuli that we CONSCIOUSLY perceive. |
Muscles sensory |
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Somatic sensory receptors |
Eyes, nose, tongue, ears, skin, and proprioceptors (detects body position) |
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Visceral Sensory |
Detects stimuli we do NOT CONSCIOUSLY perceive. |
Not aware of. |
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Visceral sensory receptors |
Blood vessels and internal organs. |
Detecting stretch of organ wall. |
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Motor Nervous System |
Transmits motor output from CNS and information to effectors. |
Efferent nervous system |
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Somatic motor |
Transmits motor output from CNS to voluntary sketal muscles. CONSCIOUSLY controlled. |
Pressing on accelerator of your car. |
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Autonomic motor |
Transmit output from CNS WITHOUT conscious control to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. |
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Neurons |
Basic structural unit of the nervous system. Transmit electrical signals |
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Glial cells |
Cells thatvprimarily support and protect neurons |
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Characteristics of nwurons5 |
Excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, and amitotic. |
5 are listed. |
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Excitability |
Responses from stimuli. Responds only to binding of molecules = neurotransmitters. |
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Conductivity |
Electrical charges propagated along membrane. Local and short-lived or self-propagating. |
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Secretion |
Releases neurotransmitters in response to electrical charges. |
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Extremely Longevity |
Mostly formed before birth |
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Amitotic |
Mitotic activity lost in most neurons. |
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Cell body |
Has plasma membrane. Contains cytoplasm surrounding nucleus. Neuron's control center and conducts electrical signals to axon. |
Grey matter |
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Perikaryon |
Cytoplasm within cell body. |
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Chromatophilic substances |
Free and bound ribsomes |
Due to dark staining with basic dyes |
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Dendrites |
Short processes branching off cell body. Receive input and transfer it to cell body. |
More _____ = more input possible |
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Axon |
Longer process. Contacts with other neurons, muscle cells, & glands. Made of 3 parts. |
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Axon hillock |
Triangular region of an axon. |
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Axoplasm |
Cytoplasm of axon. |
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Axolemma |
Plasma membrane of axon. |
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Cytoskeleton |
Composed of mocrofilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules. Provides tensile strength through neuron. |
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Anterograde transport |
Movement of materials from cell body to synaptic knobs. |
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Retrograde transport |
Movement of materials from synaptic knobs to cell body. |
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Fast axonal transport |
Movement along microtubules. Power from specialized motor proteins that split ATP. Allows products from cells to get to one to another. |
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Multipolar neurons |
Have many dendrites and a single axon |
Most common |
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Bipolar neurons |
One dwndrite and one axon |
Ex.) renting of the eye. |
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Unipolar neurons |
Single neuron process. Emeegeles from cell and branches like a T. |
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Anatomic neurons |
Have dendrites and no axons. Produce local electrical changes but no action potentials. |
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Interneurons |
Within CNS. Receive stimulation and receive, process, and adore information. Decided how the body responds to stimuli. Filters communication between sensory and motor neurons. |
Association neurons. Multipolar. 99% of neurons. |
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Nerve |
Cablelike bundle of parallel axons with macroscopic structure. |
Has 3 layers. |
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Epineurium |
Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue. Enclosed the nerve and provides support & protection. |
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Perineurium |
Later of dense irregular connective tissue. Wraps bundled of axons, & testicles. Supports blood vessels. |
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Endoneurium |
Delicate layer of areolar connective tissue. Separates & electrically insulated each axon. Has capillaries that supply the axon. |
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Synapse |
Neuron functionally connected to neuron or effector. |
Has 2 types: chemical and electrical. |
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Chemical synapse |
Knob almost touches the postsynaptic neuron. |
Most common. |
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Synaptic cleft |
Narrow fluid full gap in chemical synapse. |
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Chemical synapse transmission |
Neurotransmitters molecules released from synaptic knob. Released from synaptic vesicles into cleft. |
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Synaptic delay |
Time between neurotransmitter release and binding. |
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Electrical synapse |
Neuron physically bound together. Gap junctions present. No delay in passing electrical signal. Limited regions of the brain and eyes. |
Less common. |
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Glial cells |
Nonexcitable cells found in CNS and PNS. Smaller. Capable of mitosis. Outnumber neurons. Half the volume of nervous system. |
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