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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Christopher Columbus
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An Italian seafarer commissioned by the Spanish monarchs to establish a western trade route to the Orient. He voyaged to the New World in 1492 and opened the Western Hemisphere to exploration and settlement from Europe.
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Amerigo Vespucci
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was the first person to demonstrate that the New World discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was not the eastern appendage of Asia, but rather a previously\tunknown "fourth" continent.
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Hernando Cortes
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was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the King of Castile, in the early 16th century.
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Missionaries
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a member of a religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith
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Samuel de Champlain
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French, founder of Quebec City.
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Spanish Armada
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Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588. Wiped out by the ‘Divine Wind.’
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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An English courtier who attempted an English settlement on Roanoke Island in 1587. The colony failed for lack of supplies.
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Roanoke
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Colony that Raleigh tried to established. Mysteriously disappeared with only ‘croatoan’ written on a rock.
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Virginia Company
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a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America
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Jamestown
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founded on May 14, 1607. It is commonly regarded as the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States, following several earlier failed attempts. It was founded by the Virginia Company, headquartered in London. It became the capital of the Colony for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699, when it was relocated to Williamsburg, about 8 miles (13 km) distant.
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Powhatan
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a Native-American tribe that was near Jamestown. Many conflicts and good stuff happened between them and the Jamestown settlers.
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Captain John Smith
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A solider of fortune who as governor supplied the early Jamestown settlement with leadership, without which the colony would have quickly perished.
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John Rolfe
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was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.
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Pocahontas
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was a Native American woman who married an Englishman, John Rolfe, and became a celebrity in London in the last year of her life. She was a daughter of Wahunsunacock
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Maryland
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The Province began as a proprietary colony of the British Lords Baltimore, who wished to create a haven for English Catholics in the new world. Although Maryland was an early pioneer of religious toleration in the British colonies, religious strife between Anglicans, Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers was common in the early years, and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the Province.
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Plymouth
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Plymouth has played an important role in American colonial history. It was the final landing site of the first voyage of the Mayflower, and the location of the original settlement of the Plymouth Colony. Plymouth was established in 1620 by the English settlers known as separatists who had broken away from the Church of England, believing that the Church had not completed the work of the Protestant Reformation. Today, these settlers are much better known as "Pilgrims," a term coined by William Bradford.
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Mayflower Compact
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An agreement among the Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation (1620) to establish a body politic and to obey the rules of the governors they choose.
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William Bradford
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the governor of Pilgrim Separatists at Plymouth Plantation. He wrote a history of the colony titled Of Plymouth Plantation.
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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The Massachusetts Bay Colony (sometimes called the Massachusetts Bay Company, for the institution that founded it) was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, centered around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston. Great Purtian population.
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John Winthrop
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A lawyer, served for over twenty years as the elected governor of the Puritan’s Massachusetts Bay Colony.
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Puritans
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Moderate English religious dissenters who objected to the ritual and governing structure of the Anglican church. Often persecuted by authorities, many migrated to Massachusetts Bay after 1630 to establish a religious commonwealth.
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Pilgrims
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English Separatists who drafted the Mayflower Compact and established Plymouth Plantation in 1620.
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Roger Williams
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Puritan minister who was banished from Massachusetts Bay for his heretical ideas of extreme separatism and separation of church and state, and his insistence that the colony’s land must be purchased from the Indians. He would create the colony of Rhode Island after being banished.
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Anne Hutchinson
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A Massachusetts Bay Puritan who was banished for criticizing the colony’s ministers and magistrates and for her heresy of antinomianism.
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Pequot War
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The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1636-1637 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe. This war saw the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day southern New England.
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Restoration (of King Charles II)
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The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the English Civil War.
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John Locke
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English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and contributors to liberal theory.
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Yamasee War
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Conflict between colonial South Carolina and various Native American Indian tribes including the Yamasee, Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaws, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, and many others. Some of these Indian groups played a very minor role while others launched attacks throughout South Carolina. Hundreds of colonists were killed and many settlements were destroyed. Traders "in the field" were killed throughout the American southeast. Much of the South Carolina's settled territory was abandoned as people fled to Charles Town where starvation set in as supplies ran low. The survival of South Carolina itself was in question during 1715. The tide turned in early 1716 when the Cherokee sided with South Carolina and began to attack the Creek. The last of South Carolina's major foes withdrew from the conflict in 1717, bringing a fragile peace to a traumatized colony.
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Dutch West India Company
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company of Dutch Merchants, was given a charter for a trade monopoly in the ‘New World’ including the Caribbean, and South America.
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Iroquois League
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A power Iroquois Indian confederation in New York. The confederacy conducted a profitable fur trade with the Europeans in North America.
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Quakers
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An English religious sect that stressed the doctrine of the Inner Light. They were pacifists and tolerant of other religions.
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William Penn
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Quaker proprietor of Pennsylvania who offered his colony as a refuge for persecuted Quakers. He treated Indians fairly and his well-advertised colony became the most economically successful in English North America.
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James E. Oglethorpe
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English philanthropist and a founding trustee of the George colony in 1733. He hoped to make Georgia a reformed society free of slavery, strong drink, and unequal land ownership.
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indentured servants
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form of apprenticeship or bonded (contract) labor. It provided a way for Europeans who could not afford to pay their own passage to get to America. In return for payment of their transportation, servants agreed to work for several years. They were often abused and exploited, but eventually became free landowners.
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slavery
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System of labor codified into the law by the English colonies after 1650 characterized by lifetime heritable servitude. The English successfully enslaved only black Africans.
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triangle trade (triangular trade)
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though misnamed, this term characterized a series of indirect routes used to conduct trade between the colonies and England. Trade ultimately carried raw materials to England and manufactured goods to the colonies.
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Salem Witch Trials
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The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk, and Middlesex Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693. Over 150 people were arrested and imprisoned, with even more accused who were not formally pursued by the authorities. The two courts convicted twenty-nine people of the capital felony of witchcraft. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged.
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Enlightenment
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An intellectual awakening of the 18th century that applied reason and natural law to the surrounding world. The thinkers of this period had a major impact on American political thought.
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Benjamin Franklin
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a Philadelphia printer rand critic of Pennsylvania’s royal governors. Also expressed concern over the large number of clannish Germans who settled in the Pennsylvania backcountry.
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Great Awakening
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A widespread evangelical revival movement of the 1740s and 1750s that divided the congregations and weakened the authority of the established churches in the colonies.
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Jonathan Edwards
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American revivalist of the Great Awakening. He was both deeply pious and passionately devoted to intellectual pursuits.
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George Whitefield
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Anglican minister with great oratorical skills. His emotion-charged sermons were a centerpiece of the Great Awakening in the American colonies in the 1740s.
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Mercantilism
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a loose system of economic organization designed, through a favorable balance of trade, to guarantee the economic self-sufficiency of the British empire and the growth of its wealth and power.
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Navigation Acts
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series of acts passed by parliament to enforce mercantilism within the British Empire. They were intended to regulate the flow of goods in imperial commerce to the greater benefit of the mother country.
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Glorious Revolution
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In 1688 James II was exiled in order to secure English Protestantism and Parliament’s power. In the American colonies, this event resulted in the collapse of the Dominion of New England and in several rebellions against governors appointed by James II.
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social contract
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Social contract describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form nations and maintain a social order. Such social contract implies that the people give up some rights to a government and/or other authority in order to receive or jointly preserve social order.
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colonial assembly
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government of the colonies, differed from each one, but it was like the Renaissance state assemblies where rich people were elected and they voted on statue issues.
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King Philip's War
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An armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675–1676
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Bacon's Rebellion
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An armed rebellion against the royal governor of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley in 1676. The rebellion was the product of Berkeley’s political favoritism, economic exploitation and Indian policy.
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Louisiana
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Discovered by De La Salle, it was a French territory until the Louisiana purchase.
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French and Indian War
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The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida. The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. Named after its two little French and Indian alliance stuffs.
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Seven Years War
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war between Brits vs French
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The Albany Congress
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7/13 colonies met; notable for producing Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union, an early attempt to form a union of the colonies. Part of the Albany Plan was used in writing the Articles of Confederation, which kept the States together from 1781 until the Constitution. It was the first time that all the colonies had been together.
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Peace of Paris (1763)
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Ended the Seven Years’ War; included Spain, Britain, France and Portugal.
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King George III
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King that defeated France in Seven Years’ War.
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Proclamation of 1763
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issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the proclamation was to establish Britain's vast new North American empire, and to stabilize relations with Native Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. The Proclamation in essence forbade colonists of the thirteen colonies from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains. This led to considerable outrage in the colonies, as many colonists had already acquired land in that region. Additionally, the Proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly in land bought from Native Americans.
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George Grenville
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Prime Minister of England in 1763 who was eager to reduce government spending and debt. In 1764 and 1765 he proposed the Sugar and Stamp acts to raise revenue in the colonies to defray the expenses of Britain’s expanded empire.
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Sugar Act (1764)
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Passed by Parliament in 1764, this act initiated by prime minister George Grenville placed tariffs on some colonial imports as a means of raising revenue needed to finance England’s expanded North American empire. It also called for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts.
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Currency Act of 1764
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prohibited the American colonies from issuing paper currency of any form. Additionally, Britain had coined almost no silver or copper between 1760 and 1816 and discouraged any American attempts to do so.
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Stamp Act
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an excise tax on printed matter passed by Parliament in 1765 designed to raise revenue in the American colonies. This was a direct tax that elicited the first denial of Parliament’s right to tax in America.
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Quartering Act
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Said that Americans must quarter British troops in their homes, no matter what.
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Whigs
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played a significant role in the development of the American Revolution, as their republican writings were widely read by the American colonists, many of whom were convinced by their reading that they should be very watchful for any threats to their liberties.
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Declaration of Independence
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document that declared American’s independence from England. Written by Thomas Jefferson and co.
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Thomas Jefferson
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principal author of the Declaration of Independence, one of the founding fathers and the 3rd president of the US.
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Thomas Paine's Common Sense
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Common Sense presented the American colonists with an argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided.
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James Madison
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4th president and principal author of the Constitution.
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General William Howe
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British general who was at the Battle of Bunker Hill, won it, also took NY.
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Lord Cornwallis
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General who was defeated at the Siege of Yorktown; often marking the end of the Revolutionary War.
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Trenton (Revolutionary War)
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Battle that George Washington won that would inspire the revolutionaries to stand up and fight after some doubting themselves.
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Continental Army
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an army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.
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Sons and Daughters of Liberty
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Extralegal organizations that agitated in resistance to the Stamp Act in 1765. They frequently resorted to threats and the use of violence to dramatize their protest.
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Virginia Resolves
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The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives.
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Stamp Act Congress
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The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in the building that would become Federal Hall in New York City in October of 1765 consisting of delegates from 9 of the 13 colonies that discussed and acted upon the recently passed Stamp Act. Would say that only colonial assemblies could tax the colonies.
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William Pitt
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secretary of state during Seven Years War.
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Charles Townshend
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English Chancellor of the Exchequer who persuaded Parliament to impose a new series of trade taxes on the American Colonies in 1767. He held a very low opinion of the colonists.
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Townshend Acts
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These laws placed a tax on common products imported into the American Colonies, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea, while giving revenues from these taxes to the British governors and other officials that were normally paid by town assemblies.
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John Dickinson
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Author of the Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania that denied Parliament’s right to tax the colonies. Despite his stance on English authority, eh was loyal tot eh empire and searched for a peaceful solution to colonial problems.
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Samuel Adams
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instrumental in garnering the support of the colonies for rebellion against Great Britain, eventually resulting in the American Revolution, and was also one of the key architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped American political culture.
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Boston Massacre
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a violent confrontation between British troops and a Boston mob in 1770. Five citizens were killed when the troops fired on the crowd. Incident inflamed anti-British sentiment in the colony.
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Paul Revere
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Helped organized an alarm system to keep watch on the British.
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Paxton Boys
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An uprising in western Pennsylvania by farmers in 1763. It was triggered by eastern indifference to Indian attacks on the frontier and by the western district’s under representation in the Pennsylvania assembly.
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Committees of Correspondence
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Colonial radicals formed these committees in 1772 in order to step up communications among the colonies, and to plan joint action in case of trouble. Their organization was a key step in the direction of establishing an organized colony-wide resistance movement.
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Boston Tea Party
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The colonists’ response to Parliament’s effort to help the British East India Company to sell its surplus tea in America. Colonists saw it as a thinly disguised effort to exert English authority and reacted by dumping the British tea into the Boston harbor.
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Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
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Parliament’s response to the Boston Tea Party; passed in 1774, they were unjust acts that intended to punish the Boston and Massachusetts generally for the crime committed by a few individuals. Colonists called these (combined with the Quartering and Quebec acts) the Intolerable Acts.
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Continental Congress
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a meeting of delegates from the 12 colonies in Philadelphia in 1774 that denied Parliament’s authority to legislate for the colonies, condemned British actions since 1763, created a Continental Association to enforce a boycott and endorsed a call to take up arms.
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Parliament loyalists
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colonists who stayed loyal to Britain during the revolution.
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Lexington and Concord
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the first battle of the American revolution, resulted in an American victory.
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Second Continental Congress
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The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
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George Washington
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American general, had a pretty shaky military history, would win at the Battle of Trenton and become an American hero for standing up to the French
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John Adams
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Adams came to prominence in the early stages of the American Revolution. As a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to adopt the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. As a representative of Congress in Europe, he was a major negotiator of the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and chiefly responsible for obtaining important loans from Amsterdam.
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John Burgoyne
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British General that surrendered at Saratoga with 6,000 men.
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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Pyrrhic victory for the British, they win, but they’re so devastated after that if the colonists held out, the British would’ve soon lost.
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Hessians
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German soldiers who fought in the American Revolution.
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Valley Forge
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the site of the camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777–1778 in the American Revolutionary War. This was a time of great suffering for George Washington's Army, but it was also a time of retraining and rejuvenation.
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Marquis de Lafayette
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French, would fight in the American revolution and bring the same ideals to go into the French Revolution with.
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Philadelphia (Revolutionary War)
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Place where Declaration of Independence was instituted and therefore stated American’s independence from Britain.
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Saratoga
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turning point of revolution, Burgoyne is defeated and the Americans start gaining some momentum.
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Nathanael Greene
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was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.
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Yorktown
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concluding setting of American Revolution. The British would lose here and would lose the American Revolutionary War.
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Peace of Paris, 1783
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set of treaties that ended the American Revolutionary War.
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New Netherlands
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modern day New York. English took it pretty easily with no fight. Was mainly used by Dutch as a profit colony.
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Tories
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has referred to a variety of political parties and creeds since it was used in the late 17th century to describe opponents to the Whigs.
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