Ap Us History Test #1

Front 1

James Oglethorpe

Back 1

founded Georgia as a haven for people imprisoned for debt

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Benjamin Franklin

Back 2

in his Pennsylvania Gazette, he warned his fellow colonists that they must “Join or die"

Front 3

Roger Williams

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punished by exile for advocating separation of church and state in Massachusetts Bay; founded Rhode Island

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Edward Braddock

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defeated at Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) and killed during the French and Indian War

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Nathaniel Bacon

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leader of the rebellion against Gov. Berkeley; Bacon’s Rebellion was mainly supported by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land

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Charles II

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English monarch when Carolinas, PA, NY and CT were founded

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Edmund Andros

Back 7

headed the Dominion of New England

Front 8

Jonathan Edwards

Back 8

leader of the Great Awakening

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Anne Hutchinson

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punished by exile for challenging the authority of leading Puritan clergymen in Massachusetts Bay

Front 10

Pocahontas

Back 10

supposedly saved Capt. John Smith’s life

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George Washington

Back 11

aide to General Braddock

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William and Mary

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Protestant rulers of the Netherlands

Front 13

John Cotton

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Puritan minister who disliked democracy

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King Philip

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Indian chieftain, shot and beheaded for leading an uprising against whites in New England

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Miles Standish

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non-Puritan adventurer, Indian fighter and negotiator

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Montezuma

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last of the Aztec emperors of Mexico

Front 17

Thomas Fairfax

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owned 5 million acres in Virginia (originally granted by the king); one of thefew landlords who lived on his property

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Thomas Hutchinson

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Massachusetts Lt. Governor who feared democracy; wanted stiffer voting qualifications; house burned by Boston mob as he appeared to support the Stamp Act

Front 19

William Shirley

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governor of MA; tried to take French forts on frontier in the French and Indian War; organized the capture of Louisbourg in King George’s War

Front 20

Jeffrey Amherst

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British general who rebuilt the abandoned French forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the French and Indian War; captured Montreal

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John Witherspoon

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brought up in the colonies, instructed by Scottish teacher; president of Princeton College, NJ; signed Declaration of Independence

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Mary White Rowlandson

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frontier wife in MA (1670s); captured by Indians and ransomed after 12 weeks

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Cotton Mather

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Congregational minister; led a group of ministers to oppose the Salem Witch Trials as convicting people on dubious evidence

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Christian Crusaders

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indirectly responsible for discovery of Americas (publicize spices, etc.)

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encomienda

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allowed the European governments to give Indians to colonists for labor is they promised to Christianize them

Front 26

Joint-Stock Company

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a type of primitive corporation, used to fund Jamestown

Front 27

The Columbian Exchange: America to Europe

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Food: potatoes, corn – leads to dramatic population growth
Silver & Gold – makes Spain temporarily the greatest
power in Europe – ignites inflation
• makes possible the commercial revolution that leads to capitalism
• ultimately leads to European supremacy

Front 28

The Columbian Exchange Europe to America

Back 28

Diseases: small pox, measles, influenza, malaria
New Animals: horse, cattle, pigs, sheep
• the horse will change Indian lifestyles
New technology/goods: guns, metal, cloth, alcohol

Front 29

Where did the Native Americans come from and when?

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a. Came from Siberia (Mongolia) across a “land-bridge” connecting Russia and Alaska during the last Ice Age (12,000 – 25,000 years ago???)
b. Came in waves of migration over centuries
c. Were hunter-gatherers, continued to move South

Front 30

Where did the term “Indians” come from?

Back 30

a. The Native Americans looked much like the people Marco Polo had described in China (dark hair, bronze skin, different eye configuration, smaller than Europeans)
b. Columbus never realized he was not in the Indies, so we do not live in “Columbia”. The first European to claim that the Americas were in fact a “New World” was Amerigo Vespucci. A German mapmaker thus labeled the new lands “America” on his map, in honor of Vespucci.

Front 31

How many Native Americans lived in the Americas when Columbus arrived?

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a. Total: 50 – 75 million in the New World. This is about the same as the population of Europe in 1492. This refutes the myth of a “virgin land”, lightly populated when Europeans arrived.

Front 32

Were the civilizations of the Americas “primitive” by European standards?

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a. NO
i. The Olmec of central Mexico (began the agricultural revolution about 1500 BC – about the same time as in China, the Indus Valley).
ii. The Maya (Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Guatamala)
- astronomers, mathematicians, lived in large cities, had a more accurate calendar than the one used by the Europeans, had writing (glyphs), built stone pyramids, far ranging trade.
iii. The Aztec (Mexico City – which they called Tenochtitlan – had a population of about 300,000 when Cortez conquered it in 1519. This made it several times the size of London or Paris.
iv. The Inca (Peru) – elaborate system of roads, huge empire

b. YES None used the wheel, Human sacrifice, No use of iron, No guns, horses

Front 33

How did the Indians of the US compare to these advanced civilizations to the South?

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a. Relatively less advanced
1. none had writing or an alphabet
2. no large empires
3. no large cities
b. Six major groups of US Indians based on their economy
1. the Northwest fishermen
2. the “seed-gatherers”
3. the Southwest agriculture/villages
4. the Plains Indians nomads/ the buffalo
5. the Southeast agriculture/hunting
6. the Eastern Woodlands hunting/agriculture

Front 34

What characteristics did the Indians of the US share regardless of which group they belonged to?

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a. Tribalism vs. individualism
b. Concept of nature and man’s relationship to it
c. Concept of land ownership
d. Materially less advanced

Front 35

What have been the two dominant stereotypes of the Native Americans?

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a. The “savage”
b. The “noble savage”

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Europe 1492-1607 Religion

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a. catholic church is deteriorating
b. Martin Luther 1512 Protestant "protest" individuals connect to God, no priest needed
c. Christianity now broken into 2 branches, catholics vs protestants

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Europe 1492-1607 Political

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a. centralized government
b. expansion of capitalism

Front 38

Europe 1492-1607 Socio-Economic

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capitalism is expanding- pull your own weight, earn and sell as you like

Front 39

Europe 1492-1607 Cultural

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a. recovering from the black plague
b. renaissance, new discovery and individualism, questioning the church

Front 40

England 1492-1688 Religion

Back 40

Henry the VIII converts england to protestantism

Front 41

England 1492-1688 Political

Back 41

struggle btwn Protestantism and catholic, king is the father (head) workers are the children (limbs)

Front 42

England 1492-1688 Socio-Economic

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government decides they want to make more money, more taxes, enclosure movement

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England 1492-1688 Cultural

Back 43

Shakespear, change want they trade, from unfinished to finished products, natural order of the universe

Front 44

1619

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“The American Paradox”: first African slaves arrive at Jamestown at the exact same time the first elected representative body (the House of Burgesses) is meeting. (democracy begins)

Front 45

1763

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The French and Indian War ends, giving Britain a decisive victory over France and ending the “benign neglect” period.

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1607 - 1763

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Colonial Period

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1607

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Jamestown

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1763

Back 48

end of French and Indian War

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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divided the new world btwn spain and portugal

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Magellan

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first to circumnavigate the globe

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balboa

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discovered pacific ocean by crossing panama

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cortez

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overtook aztecs of mexico

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pizzaro

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overtook incas of peru

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de soto

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explored american southeast, crossed mississippi river

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mestizos

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spanish intermarry with indians

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the black legend

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motive for settlement, rumors about spanish settlers

Front 57

couer de bois

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"runners of the forest" single french men fur trappers, trade and sometimes marry indians

Front 58

john calvin

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taught the doctrine of predestination
puritans believe they are the "elect"-demonstrate their salvation by being a visible saint

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separatists

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extreme puritans who want a break entirely from church of england

Front 60

pilgrims

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separatists who fled england to live with calvinist dutch

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william bradford

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led the pilgrims on the mayflower arrived off the coast of new england (plymouth) in 1620

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mayflower compact

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1st agreement for self-government; bound the freemen to obey "just and equal laws"

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great migration

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exodus to the new world by puritans escaping religious persecution and economic depression

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massachusetts bay colony

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this colony shoulr be a city on a hill, a beacon to all of what a godly community should be
started by john winthrop who carried calvin's ideas over to the US

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protestant work ethic

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puritans commitment to work

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economy of massachusetts bay colony in 17th century

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based on international trade (fur), fishing/whaling, shipbuilding

Front 67

navigation acts

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england decided that the colonies needed to be a source of money, so they wanted to be the direct trade of the colonies, all trading ships had to be enlgish, needed an enlgish crew

Front 68

dissension

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anyone who talked back at puritans, not tolerated, dissenters were punished/banished

Front 69

quakers

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ignored the authority of puritan clergy, believed God lived within them, took church out of the picture

Front 70

congregationalism

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became the official tax-supported religion in MA, CT, NH

Front 71

halfway covenant

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offered partial church membership to those not yet converted

Front 72

jeremiads

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type of sermon which criticized parishioners for their lack of piety- moral changes needed

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Salem Witch Craze

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superstition of the era

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dame schools

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grammar schools taught by elderly widowed women

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harvard college

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promote education

Front 76

new england confederation

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puritan union of CT, New Haven, Plymouth, MA, formed in friendship for defense (indians, french, dutch) offense, and advice

Front 77

glorious revolution

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in britain, inspired american colonists to rebel against andros and send him back to england-1st colonial rebellion, brought back protestantism

Front 78

3 types of colonies

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royal, proprietary, self governed

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mercantilism

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colonies exist for good of mother country goal was to keep money within the british empire

Front 80

regional economies in american colonies by 1750

Back 80

new england- shipping, fishing, whaling, fur trading, shipbuilding
middle colonies- bread basket: wheat/corn
south- staple crops: tobacco, rice, indigo, needed plantations- slaves
90-95% of americans are farmers

Front 81

18th century enlightenment in Europe

Back 81

idea of natural laws
discovery by reason
newton and locke-tabula rosa

Front 82

the great awakening in america

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reaction against the rationalism of the enlightenment
emphasized emotion over salvation
leaders: johnathan edwards, george whitefield
united the colonies and challenge authority for the first time