A&p Lab 15-16

Front 1

surface anatomy

Back 1

the study of anatomical landmarks observed on the external surface of the body

Front 2

palpation

Back 2

a technique that uses hands or fingers to locate internal internal body structures and to determine the size and texture of the structures

Front 3

nervous tissue

Back 3

found in the organs of the nervous system and contains cells that enable the nervous system to generate and transmit electrical signals (nerve impulses/action potentials)

Front 4

nervous system

Back 4

senses changes in our internal and external environments, coordinates and integrates data, and initiates and transmits action potentials

Front 5

central nervous system

Back 5

consists of te brain and spinal cord

Front 6

peripheral nervous system

Back 6

contains an afferent division composed of sensory receptors and sensory neurons, and an efferent division composed of motor neurons

Front 7

sensory receptors

Back 7

detect changes in the environment and transmit this information along sensory or afferent nerves to the CNS

Front 8

motor nerves

Back 8

transmit impulses from the CNS to effectors in the PNS

Front 9

neurons

Back 9

conduct action potentials and are the structural and functional units of nervous tissue

Front 10

neuroglia

Back 10

cells that support, protect, and furnish nutrients to neurons, and augment the speed of neuron transmission

Front 11

astrocytes

Back 11

neuroglial cells with many processes that make them look star-shaped; guide neurons during development and control the composition of the chemical environment of the neurons by forming a blood-brain barrier

Front 12

blood-brain barrier

Back 12

formed by astrocytes to allow only certain substances to enter the nervous tissue at the blood vessel sites

Front 13

perivascular feet

Back 13

wrap around and cover neurons and blood vessels to keep neurons in place

Front 14

oligodendrocytes

Back 14

support the CNS neurons and have processes that form myelin sheaths around axons to increase the speed of nerve impulses

Front 15

microglia

Back 15

phagocytes of the CNS that engulf debris, necrotic tissue, and invading bacteria or viruses

Front 16

epyndymal cells

Back 16

line all 4 ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord; form cerebrospinal fluid; their cilia move the CSF through the ventricles

Front 17

Schwann cells

Back 17

flattened cells that wrap around the axons in the PNS; form the myelin sheath around one axon

Front 18

myelin sheath

Back 18

increases nerve impulse speed and aids in the regeneration of PNS axons

Front 19

satellite cells

Back 19

have processes that are flattened and surround the sensory neuron cell bodies located in ganglia in the PNS; give support to these neurons and regulate their chemical environment

Front 20

neurons

Back 20

longest cells in the body

Front 21

processes (dendrites and axons)

Back 21

extensions of the neuron cell body

Front 22

neuron cell body (soma)

Back 22

receive information from the dendrites

Front 23

dendrites

Back 23

receive information from receptors or other neurons and send it as a change in membrane potential to the neuron cell body

Front 24

axon hillock

Back 24

a triangle or cone-shaped area of the cell body

Front 25

trigger area

Back 25

the first part of the axon (initial segment) where the action potential begins

Front 26

axon collaterals

Back 26

side branches of an axon

Front 27

axon terminals

Back 27

fine branch ending of axons and axon collaterals

Front 28

multipolar neurons

Back 28

have numerous processes with many dendrites and one axon

Front 29

bipolar neurons

Back 29

have 2 process (1 dendrite and 1 axon) on either side of the cell body and are found in the special senses like the retina, olfactory cells, and inner ear

Front 30

unipolar neurons

Back 30

have only 1 process leading to and from the neuron cell body

Front 31

sensory (afferent) neuron

Back 31

changes the stimulation into an action potential or nervous impulse that travels along the axon to the spinal cord

Front 32

interneuron (association neuron)

Back 32

structurally a multipolar neuron and makes up about 90% of the neurons in the CNS

Front 33

motor (efferent) neuron

Back 33

takes the impulse out of the CNS via a spinal or cranial nerve to an effector (muscle or gland)

Front 34

myelin sheath

Back 34

a multi-layered lipoprotein covering that surrounds myelinated axons

Front 35

schwann cells

Back 35

form a myelin sheath by wrapping around a small section of an axon

Front 36

neurolemma

Back 36

formed when multiple layers of the plasma membrane surround the axon, and they cytoplasm and the nucleus are pushed to the periphery

Front 37

oligodendrocytes

Back 37

have multiple processes that wrap around multiple axons to form a portion of their myelin sheaths

Front 38

nodes of Ranvier

Back 38

gaps in the myelin sheaths

Front 39

myelin sheath

Back 39

insulates the axon and the nodes of Ranvier enable the nerve impulse to jump from node to node

Front 40

unmyelinated

Back 40

axons without a myelin sheath

Front 41

tracts

Back 41

formed by groups of myelinated axons in the CNS

Front 42

white matter

Back 42

groups of myelinated axons in the CNS (that form tracts)

Front 43

gray matter

Back 43

unmyelinated areas comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and neuroglia

Front 44

nuclei

Back 44

deeper areas within the brain that have isolated areas of gray matter; contain neuron cell bodies and their dendrites

Front 45

chemical synapse

Back 45

at the neuromuscular junction with a signal transmission between two neurons

Front 46

presynaptic neuron

Back 46

the neuron that sends the neurotransmitter

Front 47

postsynaptic neuron

Back 47

the neuron receiving the chemical

Front 48

postsynaptic potential

Back 48

graded potential produced by the postsynaptic neuron

Front 49

axoaxonic

Back 49

from axon to axon

Front 50

axodendtritic

Back 50

from axon to dendrite

Front 51

axosomatic

Back 51

from axon to the cell body