A&p Ii - Respiratory System

Front 1

Name the two tracts of the respiratory system. How are they divided?

Back 1

upper and lower respiratory tracts; any organ above the larynx is considered upper respiratory, and anything below it is considered lower respiratory.

Front 2

What are the structures and organs of the upper respiratory system?

Back 2

nose, nasal cavity sinuses, and pharynx

Front 3

What are the structures and organs of the lower respiratory system?

Back 3

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

Front 4

What are the openings through which air can enter and leave the nasal cavity?

Back 4

nostrils

Front 5

Are nostrils structures?

Back 5

no, they are just openings

Front 6

What are the bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side to form passageways that support the mucous membrane and help increase the surface area? Why would you want to increase the surface area?

Back 6

nasal conchae; to warm the air coming in and trap more foreign particles

Front 7

What are the three passageways the nasal conchae form?

Back 7

superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

Front 8

Review! What bone are the three passageways of the nasal conchae a part of?

Back 8

ethmoid bone

Front 9

What type of cells compose the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity?

Back 9

pseudostratified epithileal cells

Front 10

What is the purpose of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity and trachea?

Back 10

to trap foreign particles

Front 11

What is the purpose of cilia in the epithilial cells of the nasal cavity and trachea?

Back 11

to move the mucus with trapped particles to the pharynx

Front 12

What do we do to mucus once it is pushed up from the cilia to the pharynx? What happens to the bacteria in the mucus?

Back 12

we swallow it; it is destroyed once the mucus hits the gastric juice of our stomach

Front 13

What are the air-filled spaces in the bones of the skull? Which bones have them?

Back 13

sinuses; frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

Front 14

Do sinuses have a purpose? What are they often attributed to?

Back 14

no, we simply have a gene passed down from our ancestors that tell us to have them; making the skull lighter or affecting the quality of voice

Front 15

What are the major cartilages of the larynx?

Back 15

epiglottic cartilage, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage

Front 16

What cartilage of the larynx is the shield like structure that protrudes in the front of the neck and is sometimes called the "adam's apple"?

Back 16

thyroid cartilage

Front 17

What cartilage of the larynx lies posterior to the thyroid cartilage and marks the lowermost part of the larynx?

Back 17

cricoid cartilage

Front 18

What cartilage of the larynx is the only one that is elastic, not hyaline, cartilage, and is attached to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage?

Back 18

epiglottic cartilage

Front 19

In the larynx, what are the two pairs of horizontal folds composed of muscle tissue and connective tissue?

Back 19

vocal chords

Front 20

Which of the two pairs of vocal chords do not produce sounds and help close the larynx during swallowing?

Back 20

false vocal chords

Front 21

Which of the two pairs of vocal chords have elastic fibers responsible for vocal sounds? How are these sounds produced?

Back 21

true vocal sounds; when air is forced between these folds, vibrating them

Front 22

What does the intensity of voice depend on, and how so?

Back 22

the force of air passing over the vocal chords: the stronger the force, the louder the sound is

Front 23

What does the pitch of voice depend on, and how so?

Back 23

the tension of the vocal chords: increasing it results in higher pitch, whereas decreasing results in lower pitch

Front 24

What is the name of the triangular slit between the vocal chords?

Back 24

glottis

Front 25

Is the glottis a structure?

Back 25

no, it is just an opening

Front 26

What is the flexible cylindrical tube that runs downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into the right and left main bronchi?

Back 26

trachea

Front 27

How many C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage are within the tracheal wall? What fills the gaps of these incomplete rings? Why is the trachea designed this way?

Back 27

about 20; smooth muscle and connective tissue; so the esophagus behind it can expand as food moves through it on the way to the stomach

Front 28

What is the name of the procedure in which a temporary, external opening is made in the trachea so that air can bypass an obstruction? What is the name of the president whose life could have been saved by this procedure? What was the name of the disease he had that caused his death?

Back 28

tracheostomy; George Washington; epigottitis

Front 29

What consists of three branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs? What are its three branches?

Back 29

bronchial tree; primary, secondary, and tertiary

Front 30

Which branch of the bronchial tree stems directly from the trachea?

Back 30

main (primary) bronchi

Front 31

What branch of the bronchial tree stems from the main bronchi?

Back 31

lobar (secondary) bronchi

Front 32

Which branch of the bronchial tree stem from the secondary and branch off into bronchioles?

Back 32

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Front 33

What branches from the bronchioles of the tertiary bronchi and hold a few air sacs, enabling them to take part in gas exchange?

Back 33

respiratory bronchioles

Front 34

What are the thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that open into an alveolar sac?

Back 34

alveoli

Front 35

Describe the circuit of blood flow in an aviolus.

Back 35

Blood flows from a pulmonary artery to a pulmonary arteriole, where it enters a capillary network on the surface of the aveolus. After exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen, the now oxygenated blood flows through a pulmonary venule to a pulmonary vein to return to the heart.

Front 36

What is the name of the disease in which fluid accumulates in the lungs? What usually causes it?

Back 36

pneumonia; bacterial infection

Front 37

What is the inflammation of a bronchus? Which is worse: acute of chronic bronchitis?

Back 37

bronchitis; acute

Front 38

Describe the process of oxygen exchange within an alveolus?

Back 38

During gas exchange, oxygen diffuses through the aveolar walls and capillary walls and enters the blood, whereas carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood through these walls and enters the aveoli.

Front 39

What is the name of the space that exists between the visceral and parietal pleurae? How big is it?

Back 39

pleural cavity; not very big, the pleurae are basically touching

Front 40

What is in the pleural cavity? What is its purpose?

Back 40

serous fluid; to lubricate the adjacent pleural surfaces in order to reduce friction, and hold the pleurae together

Front 41

What are the two actions of breathing?

Back 41

inhalation and exhalation

Front 42

What force moves air into the lungs?

Back 42

atmospheric pressure

Front 43

Can there be negative pressure? If so, where?

Back 43

no such thing as negative pressure

Front 44

At sea level, air pressure is sufficient to support a column of mercury about ____ millimeters high in a tube. Therefore, normal air pressure equals ____ mm of mercury.

Back 44

760; 760

Front 45

At rest, how is the diaphragm shaped: strait and flat, or like a dome?

Back 45

like a dome

Front 46

When the diaphragm contracts, what direction does it go: up or down? How is it shaped: shorter and flat, or long and curved?

Back 46

down; short and flat

Front 47

During inhalation, what does the diaphragm do? How does this affect the air pressure in the lungs? Because of this, where does the air go?

Back 47

contracts and lowers; it lowers it; into the lungs

Front 48

During exhalation, what does the diaphragm do? How does this affect the air pressure in the lungs? Because of this, where does the air go?

Back 48

relaxes and rises; it raises it; out of the lungs

Front 49

What causes air to go in and out of the lungs?

Back 49

diaphragm and the pressure it creates

Front 50

During maximum inhalation, what muscle raises the ribs? What muscle raises the sternum?

Back 50

pectoralis minor; sternocleidomastoid

Front 51

During what action does the diaphragm contract the most: regular inhalation or maximum inhalation

Back 51

maximum

Front 52

During maximum exhalation, what compresses the abdominal organs? What does this accomplish?

Back 52

abdominal wall muscles; it forces the organs against the diaphragm to raise it even higher, resulting in more air being pressed out

Front 53

What is the name of the device used to measure respiratory air volumes (except the residual volume)?

Back 53

spirometer

Front 54

What are the 6 air volumes and capacities of the lungs?

Back 54

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity

Front 55

What is the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle?

Back 55

tidal volume

Front 56

What is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after the resting tidal volume?

Back 56

inspiratory reserve volume

Front 57

What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after the resting tidal volume?

Back 57

expiratory volume

Front 58

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs at all times?

Back 58

residual volume

Front 59

What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume)?

Back 59

vital capacity

Front 60

What is the total volume of air that the lungs can hold (vital capacity + reserve volume)?

Back 60

total lung capacity

Front 61

Name the 7 types of nonrespiratory air movements?

Back 61

coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying, hiccuping, yawning, and speech

Front 62

What nonrespiratory air movement clears lower respiratory passages?

Back 62

coughing

Front 63

What nonrespiratory air movement clears upper respiratory passages?

Back 63

sneezing

Front 64

What nonrespiratory air movement expresses sadness?

Back 64

crying

Front 65

What nonrespiratory air movement expresses happiness?

Back 65

laughing

Front 66

What nonrespiratory air movement has no known useful function?

Back 66

hiccuping

Front 67

What nonrespiratory air movement has some hypothesis as to it's function, but none confirmed (gorillas do this to show aggression)?

Back 67

yawning

Front 68

What non-respiratory air movement is used for vocal communication?

Back 68

speech

Front 69

What are the groups of neurons in the brainstem that control breathing?

Back 69

respiratory areas

Front 70

What do respiratory areas do?

Back 70

adjust the rate and depth of breathing

Front 71

Where are the components of the respiratory areas scattered?

Back 71

in the pons and medulla oblongata

Front 72

What is the function of sufactant in the aveolus?

Back 72

To reduce the surface tension of the water, preventing the collapse of the aveolus.

Front 73

What is the dense and fiberous tissue that surrounds the kidney and holds its shape?

Back 73

renal capsule

Front 74

What are the components of the urinary system?

Back 74

kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Front 75

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Back 75

regulate volume, composition, and ph of body fluids, remove metabolic waste from the blood, and help control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting the hormone erythropoietin

Front 76

What is the cone shaped structures inside the medulla?

Back 76

renal pyramids

Front 77

What is the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder and carries urine?

Back 77

ureters

Front 78

What is the expanded funnel area at the top of the ureter where widney stones are formed?

Back 78

renal pelvis

Front 79

What are the functional units of the kidney?

Back 79

nephrons

Front 80

What are the two compnents of a nephron?

Back 80

renal carpuscle and renal tubule

Front 81

What is the source of blood for the kidneys?

Back 81

renal artery

Front 82

What drains the blood from the kidney?

Back 82

renal vein

Front 83

What are the two parts of the renal carpuscle?

Back 83

glomerulus and glomerulus capsule

Front 84

What is the network of capillaries in a renal carpuscle that is more permeable than any other capillary?

Back 84

glomerulus

Front 85

Describe the flow of blood in a renal carpuscle.

Back 85

afferent arterioles --> glomerulus --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> venules --> renal vein

Front 86

Once the blood reaches the glomerulus, substances leak out the very permeable membrane. What is this stuff called?

Back 86

filtrate

Front 87

Zooming out again from the renal corpuscle to the entire nephron, what are the many folds and coils of tubule close to the renal corpuscle? The one far away?

Back 87

proximal convoluted tubule; distal convoluted corpuscle

Front 88

What tube follows the proximal convoluted tubule?

Back 88

nephron loop

Front 89

What are the two parts of the nephron loop?

Back 89

descending limb and ascending limb

Front 90

Which part of the nephron loop goes towards the renal pelvis? Which part goes toward the corpuscle?

Back 90

descending limb; ascending limb

Front 91

What structure drains the distal convoluted tubule into the renal cortex and passes into the renal medulla?

Back 91

collecting duct

Front 92

Which nephrons are in the cortex of the kidney near the surface? Do they have short or long nephron loops?

Back 92

cortical nephrons; short

Front 93

What nephrons are close to the renal medulla? Are their nephron loops long or short?

Back 93

juxtamedullary nephrons; long

Front 94

What are the pores in a glomerulus called? What are their purpose?

Back 94

finestrae; they are the reason the glomerulus is highly permeable

Front 95

What is the "formula" for urine?

Back 95

glomulary filtration + tubular secretion - tubular reabsorption = urinary excretion; basically, blood flows from afferent arterioles and filtrate escapes from the glomerulus to flow through the renal tubule as urine

Front 96

What is the main force that moves substances through the glomulary cavity wall?

Back 96

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Front 97

What are the forces that favor filtration in the glomerulus?

Back 97

hydrostatic pressure from the capillaries

Front 98

What are the forces that oppose filtration in the glomerulus?

Back 98

hydrostatic pressure from the capsule and osmotic pressure within the glomulary capillary

Front 99

What is the sum of these two forces?

Back 99

net filtration pressure

Front 100

What is the "formula" of net filtration pressure?

Back 100

forc favoring filtration - force opposing filtration = net filtration pressure

Front 101

In order for filtration to occur, the net filtration pressure has to be positive or negative?

Back 101

positive

Front 102

In summary, what are the three forces affecting urine filtration?

Back 102

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of the plasma and the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the glomulary capsule

Front 103

If the afferent arteriole constricts, what will happen to filtration? Why?

Back 103

it will decrease; because blood vessel contriction = less blood flow into the glomerulus, which means a lower hydrostatic pressure in the glomularus and less filtration

Front 104

If the efferent arteriole constricts, what will happen to filtration? Why?

Back 104

It will increase; because filtrate will back up into the glomerulus, and, since it has nowhere else to go, will leak out as filtrate

Front 105

If a kidney stone blocks the ureter, what will happen to filtration?

Back 105

it will decrease

Front 106

If arteriole blood pressure drops greatly during shock, what happens to the glomular hydrostatic pressure? What could this lead to? Why?

Back 106

it drops; renal failure; because without glumular hydrostatic pressure, blood cannot be filtered

Front 107

What is the condition in which the cells in renal tubules die? What causes this?

Back 107

tubule necrosis; insufficient nutrients due to drop in glomulary hydrostatic pressure (which dropped because of drop in sudden blood pressure)

Front 108

What is the glomulary filtration rate for the nephrons of both kidneys in an adult? Is all of this excreted as urine?

Back 108

180 liters in 24 hours (about fifty gallons); no

Front 109

How many liters of urine is excreted every 24 hours?

Back 109

0.6 - 2.5 liters

Front 110

Why is urine amount lower than filtrate?

Back 110

because of reabsorption

Front 111

When body fluid is low, what is secreted from the liver? What is secreted from the kidneys to react with this hormone? What does this process produce? What is produced from the lung capillaries to change angiotensin I to II?

Back 111

angiotensinogen; renin; angiotensin I; ACE

Front 112

Once angiotensin II is formed, what four things does it stimulate?

Back 112

vasoconstriction, increased aldosterone secretion, increased ADH secretion, and increased thirst

Front 113

What does vasoconstriction result in? Increased aldosterone?

Back 113

increased blood pressure; prevention of reabsorption

Front 114

What is the concentration of a substance in plasma at which it begins to be excreted into the urine?

Back 114

renal plasma threshhold

Front 115

What interferes with absorption of sodium?

Back 115

caffeine

Front 116

When the ADH level is high, are you hydrated or dehydrated? Is the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron highly permeable or barely permeable to water?

Back 116

dehydrated; highly permable

Front 117

Because the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are highly permeable to water when ADH levels are high, is the urine diluted or concentrated?

Back 117

concentrated

Front 118

What is the rate in which a particular chemical is removed from the plasma? What does it determine?

Back 118

renal clearance; renal efficiency

Front 119

Why are women more prone to UTI?

Back 119

Because urethra is shorter

Front 120

What muscle type composes wall of urinary bladder?

Back 120

smooth muscle

Front 121

Will the wall expand or contract in urination?

Back 121

expand

Front 122

What holds the urine in the bladder? Is it smooth or skeletal muscle?

Back 122

the external urethral sphincter; skeletal

Front 123

What is the name of the process in which urine leaves the bladder?

Back 123

micturition, or urinary reflex