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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the lacrimal gland located?
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Above outer corner of each eye.
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Direction of flow of tears:
What is significance of nasolacrimal duct? |
Tears secreted by lacrimal glands--they drain into the nose through nasolacrimal duct. Nasolacrimal duct connects lacrimal gland and nasal cavity and allows tears to drain into nose.
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What is in tears?
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Salt, water, mucus, ions, lysozyme (Natural antibiotic).
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Which cranial nerve innervates the lacrimal gland?
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Facial nerve (VII)
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Is lacrimal gland innervated by the autonomic or somatic nervous system?
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Autonomic nervous system (innervates glands)
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Layers of tissue in the eyelid:
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Epidermis
Dermis Hypodermis Connective tissue (Dense irregular) Tarsal plate/glands |
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What is an infection of the tarsal glands called?
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Chalazion (characterized by red bump in eyelid)
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Conjunctiva--what is the name for the infection of this structure?
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Covers the schlera and lines inside of eyelids--infection of this structure called "Conjunctivitis" or "pink eye" (conjunctiva is red and inflamed)
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Name six extrinsic eye muscles:
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Superior rectus
Medial rectus Inferior rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique Lateral rectus |
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Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve?
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Superior oblique muscle
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Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve?
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Lateral rectus muscle
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Which eye muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve?
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Inferior oblique muscle
Superior rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle |
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What are the three tunics of the eye?
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Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, Nervous tunic
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What are the components of the fibrous tunic?
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Sclera and Cornea.
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Which two structures of the eye are devoid of blood vessels?
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Cornea and schlera
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What is the significance of the fibrous schlera?
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Protection and layer of attachment for muscles.
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How does the cornea get its nourishment?
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From tears and aqueous humor on back surface.
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Which nerve supplies the cornea?
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Trigeminal nerve (V)
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What type of tissue is the schlera made of?
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Dense fibrous tissue (collagen)
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What are the three components of the vascular tunic?
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Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris
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What are the two parts of the ciliary body?
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Ciliary process and ciliary muscle.
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What is the function of the ciliary process?
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Makes aqueous humor (liquid is behind cornea, fills anterior cavity of eye)
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What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
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Controls shape of the lens
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What gives the iris its color?
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melanin
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Which two intrisic eye muscles located in the iris?
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Dilator pupillae muscle, constrictor pupillae muscle
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What are the three intrisic eye muscles?
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Constrictor pupillae, Dilator pupillae, Ciliary muscle
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Are intrisic eye muscles smooth or skeletal muscles?
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Smooth muscle
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Which of the intrisic eye muscles is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Constrictor pupillae
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What are the parts of the nervous tunic?
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Retina
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What are the two types of photoreceptors, and what do they detect?
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Rods and cones (Dim light, and color and sharpness)
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What types of cones are there?
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Red, blue, and green.
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What are the layers of the retina?
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Ganglion, Bipolar neurons, Photoreceptors, Pigmented epithelium
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What is the optic disc or blind spot? What is unique about it?
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It is place on retina where all axons exit the eyeball carrying action potentials for sight. No photoreceptors located here (where optic nerve is located)
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What is Fovea centralis?
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Point on retina where only cones are located (Images focused here for clearest vision).
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What is the lens made of?
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Made of protein (has no blood vessels).
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How does the lens change its shape?
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Ciliary muscle encircles and flattens the lens. Ciliary muscle contracts to bulge lens and relaxes to flatten it.
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What is accommodation?
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The ability of the lens to change shape (bulging and flattening of lens).
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What is a cataract?
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Clouding of lens (proteins no longer clear). Vision impossible because light must pass through lens to reach receptor.
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What is the function of aqueous humor?
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To lubricate eye--made by choroid plexus of the ciliary process.
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What is the anterior cavity of eye?
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Between cornea and lens--contains anterior and posterior chambers which are between cornea and iris and iris and lens, respectively.
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Where does the aqueous humor flow into?
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The canal of schlemm.
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Posterior cavity
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Found between lens and retina--contains vitreous humor (gel like substance) which holds shape of eye and helps hold retina onto choroid.
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What is unique about vitreous humor?
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It is only made once in our lifetime (we are already born with vitreous humor) it does not replace itself--eyes adult size when born.
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What structures must light pass through in order to get to retina?
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Cornea, Aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina.
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Refraction
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Bending of light from one medium to another
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Will the lens get more round or flat when you look at something close up?
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Round (bulge)
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What is emmetropia?
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Regular shaped eyeball.
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Presbyopia
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Lens loses its ability to change shape, accompanies againg.
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Myopia
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Near-sightedness--eyeball too long (lens already flattens to see close up, so cannot flatten anymore to see far away).
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How can myopia be corrected?
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With concave lens
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Hyperopia
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Eyeball is too short (Far sightedness) Lens already bulges to see far away, so cannot bulge anymore to see close up.
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How can hyperopia be corrected?
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Convex lens to see closer up.
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Astigmatism
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Irregular curvature of eye (certain angles are unclear to see)
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What does 20/20 vision mean?
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That a patient can see from 20 ft away what a "normal" person can see from 20 ft away (normal vision).
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What does 20/60 vision mean?
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That the patient can see from 20 ft away what a "normal" person can see from 60 ft away.
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How do photoreceptors initiate action potentials?
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Chemicals in rods and cones decompose when exposed to light (part of chemical is vitamin A derivative). The alteration of the chemical structure triggers the action potential.
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What is the order of the visual pathway?
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Photoreceptor, bipolar neuron, ganglion cells, optic nerve, chiasma, optic tract, thalamus, occipital lobe.
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Why is crossing of retinal fibers significant? What type vision would be lost with a person with a tumor of pituitary gland?
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Medial retinal fibers cross at optic chiasma --pituitary gland located below optic chiasma , so tumor of this structure could affect chiasma and cause loss of peripheral vision.
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Three parts of ear:
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Out ear, middle ear, internal ear.
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Which glands prevent foreign objects from entering the ear, and where are they located?
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Ceruminous glands in external auditory canal produce ear wax.
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What is the significance of the tympanic membrane, and what type of tissue is it made up of?
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Separates outer and middle ear--seals the inner end of the ear canal. When sound waves reach tympanic membrane, transmits sound by vibrating.
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What are the bones of the middle ear? What is their function?
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Malleus, Incus, Stapes. They transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear by vibration.
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Where are the malleus, incus, and stapes located?
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In the antrum of the temporal bone.
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What is the Eustachian tube or auditory tube?
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Connects middle ear cavity to nasopharynx. It equalizes pressure.
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What does the stapes connect to?
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The oval window
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Cochlea
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Spiral passage that leads from oval window.
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What are the hearing receptors of the ear? Where are they located?
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Organ of corti located in cochlear duct.
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What is the fluid behind the oval window?
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perilymph
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Where is perilymph located?
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Behind the oval window in a tube called scala vestibuli
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Where is cochlear duct located?
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In between oval and round window.
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What structures are involved in equilibrium (rotation of head)?
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Semicircular canals
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What are semicircular canals?
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Maintain body position while moving (rotating head) Contains bony and membranous labyrinth.
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What fluids located in semicircular canals and where?
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Perilymph on outside, and endolymph on inside.
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Crista ampullaris
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has receptor cells--bending of their hair caused by endolymph movement.
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What structure plays role in static equilibrium?
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Vestibule
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What do utricles and saccules contain?
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Receptor cells
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How are action potentials initiated in static equilibrium?
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Otoliths slide over receptors of utricle and saccule according to head position. Bending of hairs on receptor cells initiates action potential.
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What type of receptors in ear?
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Mechanoreceptors
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Direction of sound waves through structures of ear:
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Sound waves hit oval window,
stapes vibrates which sets fluid (perilymph) in motion, waves through cochlea displace membrane in cochlear duct where organ of corti located, mechanoreceptors transmit action potentials when hairs on organ of corti displaced. Round window stops the waves. |
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Where does the information from the mechanoreceptors of ear go in brain?
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Vestibulocochlear nerve carries impulses to temporal lobe that processes auditory info.
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Where are high frequency sounds heard in ear? Low frequency sounds?
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Near oval window/ end of scala vestibuli (middle cochlea)
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Pathway of sound waves through beginning of ear at auricle:
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Vestibulocochlear nerve--> Medulla oblongata--> Inferior colliculi--> Thalamus--> Auditory cortex (Temporal lobe)
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Sensoneural deafness
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Develops when auditory nerve or hair cells in inner ear are damaged.
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Conduction deafness
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Sound waves are somehow prevented from passing from the air to the fluid filled inner ear. Can be caused by damage to a structure of the inner or outer ear, infection, buildup of earwax or fluid in middle ear, or punctured Tympanic membrane.
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Where is nasal epithelium for smell located?
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Superior part of nasal cavity
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What could be a cause of sensoneural deafness?
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May be due to inner ear damage, brain damage, or nerve from inner ear to brain.
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How do olfactory nerves enter brain?
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Through the cribriform plate
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Which nerve carries olfactory impulses?
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Olfactory nerve (I)
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What types of receptors are found in nasal epithelium?
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Chemoreceptors
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Which sense adapts very rapidly?
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Olfactory
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Importance of adaptation:
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Allows senses of body to adapt to stimulations/changes so that brain is not constantly stimulated or taxing on system.
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Where are taste buds located?
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Located in papillae on tongue.
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What types of receptors involved in taste?
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Chemoreceptors
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What happens to taste buds in aging?
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Decrease in number of taste buds and sometimes atrophy or loss of mass of remaining taste buds.
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What are the four major tastes?
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Sweet, sour, bitter, salty
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What must substance contain in order to be tasted?
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Water based
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What is importance of smell in tasting?
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You must be able to smell in order to taste (Gustatory and olfactory linked by nasopharynx).
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Three cranial nerves that carry impulses for taste:
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1.Facial (anterior tip tongue)
2. Glossopharygeal (posterior portion of tongue) 3. Vagus (Back of tongue and throat) |
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Where do pathways for olfaction end in brain?
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Some end in limbic system (bypasses thalamus)
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Impulses from which two senses bypass the thalamus?
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Olfaction and gustation
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