A&p I Chapter 8

Front 1

States of Consciousness

Back 1

alseep, awake, drowsy
defined by behavior and brain activity

Front 2

Conscious experiences

Back 2

things you are aware of around your self, selective attention, oriented response, habituation

Front 3

Selective attention

Back 3

avoid irrelevant stimuli

Front 4

Oriented Response

Back 4

orient towards a stimulus

Front 5

Habituation

Back 5

ignore a stimulus because it gets repetitve

Front 6

Electroencephologram EEG

Back 6

recording of AP and graded potentials of neurons of brain; is complex.

Front 7

Alpha & Beta waves

Back 7

A: in waking state they have slow oscillations
B:occur when awake and thinking hard

Front 8

NREM and REM

Back 8

two phases of sleep; NREM is high amplitude, low frequency sleep, 4 stages; REM deep sleep (paradoxical), hard to awake from, more activity then when awake.

Front 9

Theta & Delta Waves

Back 9

occur during sleep

Front 10

Reasons for sleep

Back 10

not really understood, appears to be necessity of a complex NS, found throughout animal kingdom, helps maintain brain structure and memory.

Front 11

Neural substrates of consciousness

Back 11

increased NE and serotonin decreased Ach when awake- opposite when asleep.

Front 12

Coma/vegetative state/brain death

Back 12

lower function of brain where patient cannot be aroused, if it is irreversible leads to vegetative state, brain death: brain has no function.

Front 13

Neural mechanism of Conscious experience

Back 13

graded potentials or AP's are firing in the brain somewhere, cerebral cortex is involved

Front 14

Motivation

Back 14

drive for behavior; primary motivators are thirst, hunger

Front 15

Incentives

Back 15

also drive much of behavior, reward/punishment system is an example, works through the mesolimbic DOPA pathway. DOPA is neurotransmitter.

Front 16

Emotion

Back 16

achieved by the ANS and somatic NS under the influences of integration centers; involves cerebral cortex; amygdala is central to emotional state.

Front 17

Schizophrenia

Back 17

information not regulated properly in the brain; symptoms include hearing voices, delusions; causes unclear: speculation that neurons not properly formed, overactive DOPA pathways.

Front 18

Moods

Back 18

Inner emotion and perception of the world. Depression is a pervasive sadness; bi-polar is swing between manic states of depression and highs.

Front 19

Treatments for mood disorders

Back 19

Drugs and psychotherapy; drugs increase serotonin and NE @ synapses; long-term side effect is increased neuron growth.

Front 20

Psychoactive drugs are analogs of:

Back 20

Serotonin and dopamine; act on the mesolimbic DOPA pathway

Front 21

Dependence vs. tolerance

Back 21

Dependence has psychological craving and physical dependence; tolerance requires increased amounts of substance to achieve results.

Front 22

Learning vs. memory

Back 22

L=acquiring and storing information from experience; M= permanent storage of learned info.

Front 23

2 types of memory

Back 23

Declarative=verbal expression of experience involves hippocampus, amygdala & diencephalons; Procedural=how to do things like drive a car or ride a bike.

Front 24

Working memory

Back 24

short term, involves association cortex, seconds to minutes retention span, an increase in working memory correlated with increased intelligence

Front 25

Long-term memory

Back 25

spans days to years; involves basal nuclei, cerebellum and premotor cortex, involves changes in neurons due to 2nd messenger activation

Front 26

Amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

Back 26

loss of memory

unable to convert short term to long term

Front 27

Plasticity

Back 27

ability for neurons to change and be modified.

Front 28

Left side of brain

Back 28

controls language, defects in language are aphasis, verbal memory is left brain

Front 29

Right side of brain

Back 29

involved in perception and 3D objects, nonverbal memory

Front 30

Decussation of pyramids

Back 30

crossover in neck, makes right brain control left side of body and vice versa.