Ap History Chapter 1 Vocabulary

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Conquistadors

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the Spanish[1][2] and Portuguese[3] soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain and Portugal in the 15th to 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The two perhaps most famous conquistadores were Hernán Cortés who conquered the Aztec Empire and Francisco Pizarro who led the conquest of the Incan Empire.

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Reconquista

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a period of almost 800 years (539 years in Portugal) in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula broadly known as Al-Andalus.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile[2] and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being both descended from John I of Castile; they were given a papal dispensation to deal with consanguinity by Sixtus IV.

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Ethnocentric

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Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and sub-divisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity

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Matrilineal

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Matrilineality is a system in which lineage is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors. Matrilineality also is a societal system in which one belongs to one's matriline or mother's lineage, which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles.

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Archipelago

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a chain or cluster of islands.

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Mestizos

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a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent

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Encomienda

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a system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labour.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues[note 1] west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). This Papal Line of Demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain.

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Iberian Peninsula

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located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Portugal, Spain, Andorra, the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar and a very small area of France.

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Paleo-Indians

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a classification term given to the first peoples who entered, and subsequently inhabited, the American continent during the final glacial episodes of the late Pleistocene period.

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Hopewell and Adena

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Adena were there first (800 B.C. - 200 A.D.). The Hopewell culture came later but overlapped with the Adena (200 B.C. - 400/500 A.D.). Most theories hold that the two intermixed peacefully, and the Hopewell culture was an elaboration and extension of the Adena mound-building culture. Thus the Hopewell art, burial ceremonies, etc were more flamboyant than that of the earlier and more primitive Adena.

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Mississippian Culture

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a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, varying regionally

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Beringia

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The Bering land bridge was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages.

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Mulattos

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a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry

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Sir Walter Raleigh

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an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England.

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Sir Humphrey Gilbert

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a half-brother (through his mother) of Sir Walter Raleigh.[1] Adventurer, explorer, member of parliament, and soldier, he served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth[1] and was a pioneer of English colonization in Ireland and North America.

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Anne Boleyn

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was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of Henry VIII of England and the 1st Marquess of Pembroke in her own right for herself and her descendants

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Henry VIII

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was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

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John Calvin

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an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where he published the first edition of his seminal work Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536.

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Martin Luther

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a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation.[1] He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.