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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the estates?
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The clergy was the First Estate; the nobility the Second Estate; and everyone else, from the wealthiest businessman to the poorest peasant or city worker, was the Third Estate
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What is "eminent property"
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rents and transfer payments that had to be paid to the manor
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What is "feudal Reaction"
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many manorial lords, pinched by inflation or seeking greater returns, collected dues more rigorously and revived old dues that had fallen into disuse. Lease and sharecropping terms became less favorable to the peasant. Resentments built, since the property system bore no relation to economic usefulness
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French debt 1788
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stood at almost 4 BILLION LIVRES 5% royal
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Calonne’s proposals
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suggested a land tax without exemptions; a lightening of indirect taxes; a
confiscation of some church property; and the establishment of provincial assemblies in which all citizens would be represented. |
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Lomenie de Brienne
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archbishop of Toulouse tried to push the same program as calonne through the Parlement of Paris
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"initiating revolution" 1788
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the nobles "initiated the revolution" by calling the estates general
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Abbé Sieyès
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published the pamphlet "What Is the Third Estate?" everything. it explained that the third estate was crucial
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How many people were in the bourgeoisie in the 18th century
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8% 2.3 million
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what are the nobility of the sword, of the robe?
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Nobility of the sword are the old military nobility and the nobility of the robe are the bureaucratic judicial nobility
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In 1789 in Paris how many people were out of work
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150,000 out of 600,000
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What was the bastille's effect on the revolution?
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it had saved the national assembly
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What was the great fear?
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fear of vagabonds and outlaws
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What happened on the night of august 4th?
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liberal nobleman surrendered their hunting rights, their banalites, rights in manorial courts, and feudal and seigneurial privelages. feudalism abolished, eminent property, tithes.
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What was illustrated in the declaration of the rights of man and citizen?
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"men are born and remain free and equal in rights" Man's natural rights were "liberty, property, security, and resistance to opression"
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Who was Olympe de Gouges?
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1791 published the rights of women right to divorce higher education careers
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Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
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Vindication of The Rights Of Women
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Who was the count of Artois
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an emigres he planned to agitate against the revolution
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What happened on October 4, 1789
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a crowd of market women and revolutionary militants took the road from paris to versailles. their they obliged the King take up residence in paris the national assembly also moved to paris
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What are jacobins?
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society of friends of the constitution, named jacobins because they met in an old jacobin monastery. remained a middle class group. ie the "mountain" favored government regulation of the economy and wanted to kill the king and confiscate the wealth of the emigres.
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"flight to Varennes"
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escaped from the kingdom to try and join emigre nobleman and seek help from foreign powers
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What are assignats
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new paper currency from the collateral of confiscated church lands.
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What was the civil consitution of the clergy?
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the parish priests and bishops were elected archbishoprics were abolished
half took the oath called one of " the greatest tactical blunders of the revolution" |
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what was the 'refractory" clergy
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the unsoworn clergy counterrevolutionary
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consitutional clergy
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those taking the oath and upholding the civil constitution considered themselves to be patriots defenders of the rights of man
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What was the constitution of 1789
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destroying the Old Regime: France was to have 83 Departments of about the same size, with
uniform municipal organization. Officials were to be elected locally, with no one to act for the central government. Sovereign power was vested in a unicameral assembly. The executive branch was kept weak the king could only suspend or postpone laws. |
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What was the Declaration of Pilnitz
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IF Leopold would take military actions the other powers would follow
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What was the Brunswick Manifesto?
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Austria and Prussia declared that if any harm befall the King and Queen upon their arrival in Paris severe retribution would befall residents of Paris
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What was the marseillaise?
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the fighting song
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What was the commune
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a revolutionary municipal government was set up in Paris
It ended the Legislative Assembly, calling for the election of a Constitutional Convention elected by universal male suffrage |
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(“September Massacres”).
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led to the death of
1100 counter-revolutionaries |
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Who were the Mountain "montaignards"
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jacobins most radical
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Who were the 'sans culottes"
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artisans and shopkeepers denounced the king
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Robespierre
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seen as either a
fanatic and demagogue or visionary idealist and ardent patriot. A lawyer, he had been a delegate to the Estates General and served in the Legislative Assembly (opposing the war). He was free or graft and bribery--and was called “the Incorruptible.” Like Rousseau, he believed in unselfish public spirit, or “virtue.” |
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Comitee of Public Safety
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Wide powers were given to 12 men, the Committee of Public Safety.
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"the terror"
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To repress counter-revolution, the Committee began the Terror. Perhaps 40,000 died, mainly in areas in open rebellion.
Most victims were Catholic peasants or laborers, though perhaps 3200 were nobles. |
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Hébertists
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party of extreme Terror)
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Dechristianization
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adopting a republican
calendar with new months, décades replacing weeks, and no saints days and church holidays |
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Characteristics of the French Republican Army
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France had the largest army yet known in Europe: 800,000 men, composed of officers newly
promoted for talent and troops who felt themselves citizens fighting for a just cause. With the Allies divided, the French troops retook Belgium and Holland. Military success eased the pressures that had made the Terror possible. |
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Thermodorian reaction
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The Convention reduced the powers of the Committee and closed the Jacobin
Club. Government controls were relaxed, producing inflation and sporadic working-class insurrections put down by the army. The bourgeoisie was triumphant--lawyers, office holders of the Old Regime plus parvenus and nouveaux riches, enriched by war-time profiteering or buying up former church land at bargain prices. Men of the Convention believed in individual rights and written constitutions, but they saw democracy as “red terror” and mob rule and they resolved to write yet another Constitution. |
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Who was Louis XVIII
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count of provence headed a propoganda agency with british money advocated for the old regime had he offered it in 1795 may have worked
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what was the conspiracy of equals
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formed by "Gracchus" Babeuf intended to overthrow directory and replace it with a dictatorship he called "democratic" where private property would be abolished and equality decreed. interesting precursor to communism. Guillotined babeuf
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peace of Campo Formio
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Within two years Napoleon defeated the Austrians, won control of most of Italy, and made the
Peace of Campo Formio (1797) by which he reorganized his conquests into the Cisalpine Republic (Milan) and the Ligurian Republic (Genoa) under French “protection.” |
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Coup d'etat of Fructidor
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the Republicans worked a coup d'état, led by a general loaned by Napoleon. They
annulled the elections and made peace with Austria. French revolutionary ideals were spread through Italy and Switzerland; France annexed Belgium and the west bank of the Rhine. |
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"confidence from below-- authority from above"
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sieyes said this what he now wanted from the people was compliance of the government power to act
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what was the coup d'etat of Brumaire?
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armed forces drove the legislators from their chambers. They proclaimed a new form of republic, the consulate napoleon was first consul
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Napoleon's concordat with the Vatican 1801
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giving the Pope the right to depose bishops or
discipline clergy, and he allowed the reopening of seminaries. The Pope recognized the Republic and accepted the loss of church lands. Clergy were promised state salaries. Thus he defused counter- revolution. |
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Napoleon Administrative Reforms
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Promotion was by talent alone: “careers open to
talent.” Schools were reorganized; education became the key to social standing. |
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Napoleon Economic Reforms
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Public finances and
expenditures were rationalized, with a sound currency and public credit secured (possible because the Directory had repudiated the old currency and debt). He established a new Bank of France. |
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Napoleon legal reforms
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The
Napoleonic Code, provided judicial uniformity and equal rights, though criminal law supported the government over the individual and clearly recognized male dominance. Overall, the Code “set the character of France as it has been ever since: socially bourgeois, legally equalitarian, and administratively bureaucratic.” |
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break up of the first coalition 1795
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was between jealous rivals who cooperated only in seizing Polish territory.
Prussia, Spain, and Austria made separate peaces with France; Spain allied with France because of its animosity towards Britain. |
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break up of the second coalitition 1799
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The Second Coalition dissolved because Russians feared that a British victory in Egypt would block
their Middle Eastern concerns. |
