Ap Euro Ch. 11 Palmer Book

Front 1

Kay

Back 1

-invented the fly shuttle, in 1733
-made only one person needed to weave cloth on a loom

Front 2

Arkwright

Back 2

-1769, patented the water frame, a device for the multiple spinning of many threads
-introduced the steam engine to drive his spinning machinery

Front 3

Whitney

Back 3

-invented the cotton gin

Front 4

Newcomen

Back 4

-1702 built the first economically signigicant steam engine which was soon widely used to drive pumps in the coal mines

Front 5

Watt

Back 5

-made improvements on Newcomen's engine, formed a business partnership with Matthew Boulton

Front 6

Stephenson

Back 6

-1829 made the first fully satisfactory locomotive called Rocket

Front 7

Fulton

Back 7

-after 1800, the steam engine was successfull used to propel river boats by this man

Front 8

squirearchy

Back 8

-the form of government in Britian after the English revolution that left landowners to be more important in government, the government was in the hands of these men
-as a result there was a transformation of farming,, an agricultural revolution without which the Industrial revolution could not have occured

Front 9

enclosure acts

Back 9

-authorized enclosure by fences, walls, or heges, of the old common lands and unfenced openfieslds
-lands came under a strict regime of private ownership and individual management

Front 10

fly shuttle

Back 10

-allowed only one person to have to weave cloth on a loom instead of two
-invented by kay

Front 11

spinning jenny

Back 11

-hand loom
-an early spinning machine having more than one spindle, enabling a person to spin a number of yarns simultaneously

Front 12

water frame

Back 12

-A name given to the first power spinning machine, because driven by water power

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power loom

Back 13

-allowed mechanical spinning to develop and become economically practicable shortly after 1800

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cotton gin

Back 14

-removed cotton seeds much faster and ultimately increased the output of cotton

Front 15

Rocket

Back 15

-first fully satisfactory locomotive invented by George Stephenson
-in 1829 on the newly built Liverpool and manchester Railway not only reached an impressive speed of 16mph but met more importatnt safety tests as well

Front 16

classical economists

Back 16

-a system or school of economic thought developed by Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo, advocating minimum governmental intervention, free enterprise, and free trade, considering labor the source of wealth and dealing with problems concerning overpopulation
-worlsd of economic relationships autonomous and separable from government or politics

Front 17

Manchester School

Back 17

-a school of economists in England in the first half of the 19th century, devoted to free trade and the repeal of the Corn Law, led by Richard Cobden and John Bright

Front 18

"Iron law of wages"

Back 18

-showed that as soon as workers receive more than a subsistence wage they breed more children, who eat up the excess, so that they reduce themselves and the working class generally again to a susistence level

Front 19

Byron

Back 19

-great exponent of romanticism in england
-British poet acclaimed as one of the leading figures of the romantic movement. The "Byronic hero"—lonely, rebellious, and brooding—first appeared in Manfred (1817). Among his other works are Childe Harold (1812-1818), The Prisoner of Chillon (1816), and the epic satire Don Juan (1819-1824). Byron was notorious for his love affairs and unconventional lifestyle. He died while working to secure Greek independence from the Turks

Front 20

shelley

Back 20

-great exponent of romanticism in england
-British romantic poet whose works include "To a Skylark" (1820), the lyric drama Prometheus Unbound (1820), and "Adonais" (1821), an elegy to John Keats

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wordsworth

Back 21

-great exponent of romanitcism in england
-British poet whose most important collection, Lyrical Ballads (1798), published jointly with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped establish romanticism in England. He was appointed poet laureate in 1843.

Front 22

Hugo

Back 22

-great exponent of romanitcism in France
-A nineteenth-century French author and leader of romanticism. He wrote poetry, plays, and novels; among his novels are Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Front 23

Chateaubriand

Back 23

-great exponent of romanitcism in France
-French political leader, diplomat, and writer considered a forerunner of romanticism. His works include Atala (1801), The Genius of Christianity (1802), and Memoirs from beyond the Tomb, published posthumously

Front 24

Sand

Back 24

-great exponent of romanitcism in France

Front 25

Schiller

Back 25

-great exponent of romanitcism in Germany
-An eighteenth-century German author; a leader of romanticism in Germany. He wrote the “Ode to Joy,” a poem sung by a chorus during the last movement of the Ninth Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven

Front 26

Schlegel

Back 26

-great exponent of romanitcism in Germany

Front 27

Robert Owen

Back 27

-one of the first socialist
-one of the first cotton lords
-appalled at the condition of the millhands, he created a kind of model community for his own employees, paying high wages, reducing hours, sternly correcting vice and drunkenness, building schools and housing and company sotres for the cheap sale of workers' necessities

Front 28

Saint-Simon

Back 28

-french
-fought in the war of American Independence, accepted the French revolution, and in his later years wrote many books on social problems
-advocated for public ownership of industrial equipment and other capital, and in general coordinate the labor and resources of society to productive ends

Front 29

Fourier

Back 29

-French social theorist who believed that universal harmony could be achieved by reorganizing society into self-sustaining units called "phalanxes," groups of 1,500 people who would share labor, wealth, and housing

Front 30

Blanc

Back 30

-French political theorist whose writings, most notably Organization of Work (1839), are among the most influential early socialist treatises

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Mazzini

Back 31

-best known of the nationalist philosophers in western europe , spent most of his adult life in exile in France and England
-joinded the Cabornari, but founded sociey called Young italy
-tried unsuccessfully to bring about an uprising against the kingdom of Sardinia
-wrote The duties of Man, where he placed duty to the nation intermediate between dduty to family and to god

Front 32

the Brothers Grimm

Back 32

-Grimm's fairy tales, founders of the modern science of comparative liguistics who traveled about Germany to study the popular dialects and in doing so collected the folktales among common people
-hoped in this wat to find a spirit

Front 33

hegel

Back 33

-possibly the most extraordinary of all 19th century thinkers
-believed that for a people to enjoy freedom, order, or dignity it must possess a potent and independent state
-"the march of God through the world"

Front 34

List

Back 34

-national System of Political Economy
-said that political economy as taught in England was suited only to England
-founder of the hisorical or institutional school of economics

Front 35

von Ranke

Back 35

-most eminent of German historians
-founder of the "scientific" school of hisorical wroiting, latin and Teutonic Peoples
-believed Europe owed its unique greatness to the coexistence and interplay of several distincet nations, which had always resisted the attempts of any one nation to control the whole

Front 36

Vuk Karajich

Back 36

-popular songs and epics of the serbs
-worked out a city of Ragusa should become the literary language off all south slaves

Front 37

Palacky

Back 37

-czech historian published the first volume of his History of Bohemia, designed to give the Czechs a new pride in their national past

Front 38

Mickiewicz

Back 38

-Polish poet and revolutionary, taught slavic literature at the college de france
-wrote epic poems on polish hisorrical themes and continued to be active among the revolutionary polish exiles settled in france

Front 39

jeremy Bentham

Back 39

-British writer, reformer, and philosopher whose systematic analysis of law and legislation laid the foundations of utilitarianism

Front 40

radicalism

Back 40

-first appeared in the English language in 1820
-included working class leaders who were begining to emergy but also many of the new industrial capitalists, who were still unrepresented in parliament
-professed to deduce the right form of instituions from the fundamental traits of human nature and psychology
-waved aside all arguments based on history, usage or custom
-wanted total reconstruction of laws, coursts, prisons, poor relief, numicipal organization, rotten boroughs, and fox hunting clergy
-detested Church of england
-democratic, demanded a vote for every adult englishman

Front 41

liberalism

Back 41

-first appeared in the English language in 1818
-first arose in spain to appose the napoleanic occupation
-famous liberal throrist was John stuart mill, and a new liberal party became an important force in brit. politics
-generally persons of the business and professional classes, together with enterprising landowners wishing to improve their estates
-believed in what was modern, enlightened, efficient, reasonable, and fair
-had confidence in the human capacity for self-government and self-control
-set a high value on parliamentary or representative government
-not democrats, opposed giving every man the vote
-advoated freedom of trade
-disliked wars, conquerors, army officors, standing armies, and military expenditures

Front 42

socialism

Back 42

-first appeared in the English language in 1832
shared attitudes of of republicanism
-did not approve of current economic system
-questioned private enterprise favoring some degree of communal ownership of productive assets
-believed in civil and legal equlaity

Front 43

romanticism

Back 43

-first used in english in the 1840s to describe a movement then half a centruy old
-primarily a theory of literature and the arts
-great exponents include Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, and Mary Shelley from England
-rejected the emphasis on classical rules and rational order that hd shaped aesthetic theory
-celebrated idiosyncratic visions of creative individuals rather than the symmetries of classical are and lit
-affecte much thinking on social and public questions
-love unclassified
-value of feeling as well as reason
-parts of all political thought groups

Front 44

feminism

Back 44

-first appeared in the English language in 1830s
-a new political or cultural movement
-sought to expand the rights of women both in public and private life
-said rights of man consistd also for women

Front 45

Volksgeist

Back 45

-an inherent national character making each people grow in its own distinctive way, which could be known only by a study of its history

Front 46

nationalism

Back 46

-first appeared in the English language in 1840s
-first arose as a general reaction to agaisnt the international napoleanic system, but also drew its strenght froms pefic cultural and political raditions in each country
-national unity, or pride in ones country
-

Front 47

Hegelian

Back 47

-The monist, idealist philosophy of Hegel in which the dialectic of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis is used as an analytic tool in order to approach a higher unity or a new thesis
-reality was an endless changed

Front 48

social workshops

Back 48

-state supported manufactoring centers in which the workers should lavor by and for themselves without the intervention of privae capitalists

Front 49

Carbonari

Back 49

-secret society
-organized in Italy at the time of Napolean
-best known

Front 50

dialectic

Back 50

-The process especially associated with Hegel of arriving at the truth by stating a thesis, developing a contradictory antithesis, and combining and resolving them into a coherent synthesis.

Front 51

scientific history

Back 51

-progression of scientific advancement in time

Front 52

Slavophilism

Back 52

-idea that russia possessed a way of life of its own different from and not to be corrupted by that of europe

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Pan-Slavism

Back 53

-made substantially the same assertions for the slavic peoples as a whole, like slavophilism

Front 54

humanitarianism

Back 54

-heightened concern about the cruely inflicted upon others

Front 55

republicanism

Back 55

-drawn from intelligenstia such as students and writers, from working class leaders protesting social injustice, and from elderly glort
-believed liberty equality and fraternity would be advanced
-most bitterly anitclerical

Front 56

Louis XVIII

Back 56

-restored bourbon king
-wanted to keep throne for himself and successors
-began reign in 1814 with an amnesty to the regicides of 1793
-white terror

Front 57

Charles X

Back 57

-suceeded his brother louis XVIIII for the french throne
-leader of implacable counterrevolution
-believed he was the hereditary absolute monarch by the grace of god
-stamped out revolutionary republicanism, liberalism and constitutionalism

Front 58

Metternich

Back 58

-dominant political figure in Germany, Austria, Italy, and central Europe for another 33 years and maintained a system in which the prestige of the habsburg dynasty should be supreme
-wanted to convert tsar Alexander to conservatism

Front 59

Mickiewicz

Back 59

-polish poet

Front 60

Burschenschaft

Back 60

-a kind of German youth movement
-centers of serious political discussion

Front 61

Carlsbad Decrees

Back 61

-dissolbed the Burschenschaft and the equally nationalistic gymnastic clubs
-provided for government officials to be placed in the universities and for censors to control the contents of books and the periodical and newspaper press
-1819
-inposed an effective check on the growth of liberal and nationalist ideas in Germany

Front 62

Corn Law

Back 62

-raising the protective tariff to the point where import of grain became impossible unless prices were very high
-landlords and heir farmers benefited, but wage earners and industrial workers found the price soaring out of reach

Front 63

Peterloo Massacre

Back 63

-at sprawling manchester 80,000 people staged an enormous demostration at St. peter's Fields in 1819; they demanded universal male suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons, and the repeal of the Corn Laws
-though perfectly orderly they were fired upon by soldiers: 11 people were killed and about 400 were wounded including 113 women

Front 64

Cato Street Gang

Back 64

-group who conspired to assassinate the whole cabinet at dinner, 5 were hung

Front 65

Six Acts

Back 65

-1819
-outlawed "seditious and blasphemous" literature, put a heavy stamp tax on newpapers, authorized the search of private houses for arms, and rigidly restricted the right of publlic meeting

Front 66

Ypsilanti

Back 66

-greek who had spent his adult life in the military service of russia
-in 1821 led a band of armed followers from russia into romania (still part of Turkey) hoping that all greeks and pro-freeks in the rurkish empire would join him

Front 67

Bolivar

Back 67

-known as the "liberator' for his leadersip of the South American revolutionary movements-liberated Venesuela and colombia as well as Peru

Front 68

San Martin

Back 68

-leader in independence for latin america
-liberator of Argentina and Bhile as well as Peru

Front 69

Nicholas I

Back 69

-tsar of russia from 1796 to 1855

Front 70

Holy Alliance

Back 70

-cooaboration of the European states in the congresses
-statement of international concord and Christian purpose, but gradually became an alliamce for the suppression of revolutionary and even liberal activity

Front 71

Troppau

Back 71

-called by metternich hoping to bring down the revollution in naples
-Russia, Prussia and Austria were three involved

Front 72

Congress of Verona

Back 72

-met to deal with the issues of Turkey being converted to a Greek emprire dependent on Russia

Front 73

Monroe Doctrine

Back 73

-stated that any attempt by European powers to return parts of America to colonial status would be viewd as an act of war on the united states

Front 74

Congress System

Back 74

-an attempt to maintain peace and order through the combined influence and actions of the major states
-liberalism caused this to break apart

Front 75

Decembrist revolt

Back 75

-when russian soldiers proclaimed thay wanted constantine to be their next ruler in st. petersburg
-first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement in russia

Front 76

Louis Philippe

Back 76

-reigned during July monarchy
-some thought his reign was revolutionary
-some believed it was an annoyance, or stopping political progress

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George Canning

Back 77

-tory leader in the 1820s

Front 78

Robert Peel

Back 78

foreign minister, son of oned of the first cotton manufacturers

Front 79

July Ordinances

Back 79

-four ordinaces past by Kings Charles X of France
-first one dissolved the newly elected chamber before it had ever met
-the second imposed censorship on the press
-the third so amended the suffrage as to reduce the voting power of bankers, merchants, and industrialists and to concentrate it in the hands of the old-fashioned aristocracy
-the fourth called for an election on the new basis

Front 80

July Monarchy

Back 80

-revolutionary monarchy following the July ordinances and revolution

Front 81

Belgian neutrality

Back 81

-industry important
-created a strong buffer against the french and had also helped to prevent direct pressure of Russian power upon central europe by way of Poland

Front 82

Tory

Back 82

-a member of a political party in Great Britain from the late 17th century to about 1832 that favored royal authority over Parliament and the preservation of the existing social and political order: succeeded by the Conservative party
-reduced tariffs, sensitive to needs of British business, lliberalized the old navigation Acts, undermined the legal position of the Church of England, repealed old laws
-could not question the Corn Laws and could not reform house of commons

Front 83

Whig

Back 83

a member of a political party (c1834–1855) that was formed in opposition to the Democratic party, and favored economic expansion and a high protective tariff, while opposing the strength of the presidency in relation to the legislature

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Liberal Party

Back 84

-formed by aristocratic whigs and radical industrialists with a few liberal tories

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Conservative party

Back 85

-main body of the tories, joined by a few old whigs, and even a few former radicals

Front 86

Factory Act of 1833

Back 86

-forbade the labore of children less than 9 years old in textile mills

Front 87

Abolition of slavery

Back 87

-slavery and hard workign conditions were addressed and laws came against them

Front 88

Great Reform bill

Back 88

-relocated seats in the house of commons, adapted English system rather than following the new ideas of the french revolution, thought members of the house of commons represented boroughs and counties

Front 89

Repeal of Corn Laws

Back 89

-established anti corn law league
-happened in 1846, stood as a symbol of the change that had come over England
-reafirmed revoluionary consequenses of the Reform bill of 1832

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bourgeoisie

Back 90

-upper middle class
-not nobility but enjoyed an income from business, a profession, or the ownership of property

Front 91

Poor Law of 1834

Back 91

-main principle was to safeguard the labor market by making relief more unpleasant than any job
-granted relief only to persons willing to enter a workhouse or poorhousse and in these establishments the sexes werre segregated and life was in other ways made noticeabley less attractive

Front 92

boom-bust

Back 92

characteristic of a period of economic prosperity followed by a depression.

Front 93

Chartism

Back 93

the principles or movement of a party of political reformers, chiefly workingmen, in England from 1838 to 1848: so called from the document (People's Charter or National Charter) that contained a statement of their principles and demands