A&p Ch 18

Front 1

Phases of respiration

Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 1

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Accomplished by inhalation and exhalation

Front 2

External Gas Exchange

Back 2

Occurs in the lungs as oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be eliminated.

Front 3

Gas Transport in the blood

Back 3

The circulating blood carries gases between the lungs and the tissues, supplying oxygen to the cells and bringing back carbon dioxide

Front 4

Internal Gas exchange

Back 4

oxygen diffusesfrom the blood to the cells, whereas carbon dioxide travels from cells into theblood.

gasses move between blood and body cells.

Front 5

The flow of air into and out of the lungs

Back 5

nasal cavities »pharynx » larynx » trachea » primarybronchi » secondary or lobar bronchi » segmental bronchi » bronchioles»terminal bronchioles » alveoli

Front 6

What type if tissue lines the trachea

Back 6

(pseudostratifiedsimple, ciliated, columnar squamous epithelium, PSCC)

Mucous membrane

Front 7

Where are the nasal cavities

Back 7

between the roof of the mouth and the cranium

Front 8

What is the pharynx and what it consists of

Back 8

Pharynx = throat

consists of: nasopharynx, oropharynx , laryngopharynx

Front 9

nasopharynx

Back 9

superior portion, located immediately behind the nasal cavity

Front 10

oropharynx

Back 10

the middle section, located posterior to the mouth.

Front 11

laryngopharynx

Back 11

most inferior portion

Front 12

What is and where is the larynx

Back 12

commonly called the voice box.

connects the pharynx with the trachea.

Its rigid framework consists of nine portions of hyaline cartilage.

Front 13

Where are the vocal folds aka vocal cords

Back 13

located centrally in the superior larynx.

Front 14

What are vestibular folds

Back 14

false vocal folds

Front 15

epiglottis

Back 15

leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing

Front 16

aspirate

Back 16

to inhale material into the respiratory tract

Front 17

What is the trachea and where is it located

Back 17

known as the windpipe.

tube that extends from the inferior edge of the larynx to the mediastinum, just superior to the heart

Front 18

What is the trachea lined with

Back 18

c-shaped cartilage along the entire length of the trachea

Front 19

What are the bronchi and where are they located?

Back 19

inferior end of the trachea divides into two main stems called bronchi and enter the lungs in the depression called the hilum

Front 20

What type of tissue lines the structures of respiratory system?

Back 20

Mucous membrane

(pseudostratified simple, ciliated, columnar squamous epithelium, PSCC)

Front 21

What is contained within the lungs?

Back 21

contain both air passageways and minute, thin- walled sacs called alveoli.

Front 22

How many lobes are in each lung?

Back 22

Right: 3- Superior, middle, inferior

Left: 2 -Superior and inferior

Front 23

What are the Bronchioles and what controls it?

Back 23

the smallest of conducting tubes controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Front 24

What are terminalbronchioles

Back 24

smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree.

Front 25

Alveoli

Back 25

found at the end of terminal bronchioles, the alveoli are clusters of tiny air sacs in which most of the external gas exchange takes place. Covered by millions of tiny capillaries, providing an easy passage forgasses entering and leaving the blood.

Front 26

pleura

Back 26

a continuous double sat that covers each lung.

Front 27

parietalpleura

Back 27

portion attached to the chest wall

Front 28

visceral pleura.

Back 28

portion attached to the lungs surface is the

Front 29

pleuralspace

Back 29

containing fluid that lubricates the membranes.

Front 30

Tidal Volume

Back 30

The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing,

Front 31

Residual volume

Back 31

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Front 32

Inspiratory reserve volume

Back 32

The additional amount that can be breathed in by force after a normal inhalation

Front 33

Expiratory reserve volume

Back 33

The additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation

Front 34

Vital capacity

Back 34

The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

Front 35

Functional residual capacity

Back 35

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

Front 36

Total lung capacity

Back 36

The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

Front 37

partial pressure

Back 37

pressure of a gas within a gas mixture (such as air) symbolized with a P and a subscript of its formula.

Front 38

What does gas exchange require

Back 38

pressure gradient

Front 39

Why is carbon monoxide a poison?

Back 39

binds with hemoglobin at the same molecular sites as does oxygen. However, it binds more tightly and displaces oxygen. Even a small amount of carbon monoxide causes a serious reduction in the blood’s ability to carry oxygen thus making you deoxygenated

Front 40

Explain how the central nervous system controls respiration.

Back 40

From the medulla, motor nerve fibers extend into the spinal cord. From the cervical (neck) part of the cord, these nerve fibers continue through the phrenic (FREN-ik) nerve (a branch of the vagus nerve) to the diaphragm and also to the intercostal muscles.

Front 41

Centralchemoreceptors

Back 41

Located near the medullary respiratory center –

Respond to raised CO2 level (hypercapnia)

Front 42

Peripheralchemoreceptors

Back 42

Located in carotid and aortic bodies (in the neck and aortic arch)

Respond to oxygen level considerably below normal

Front 43

Hyperpnea (hi-PERP-ne-ah

Back 43

refers to an increase in the depth and rate of breathing to meet the body’s metabolic needs, as in exercise.

Front 44

Hypopnea (hi-POP-ne-ah)

Back 44

is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing.

Front 45

Tachypnea (tak-IP-ne-ah)

Back 45

is an excessive rate of breath- ing that may be normal, as in exercise.

Front 46

Apnea (AP-ne-ah)

Back 46

is a temporary cessation of breath- ing. Short periods of apnea occur normally during deep sleep. More severe sleep apnea can result from obstruc- tion of the respiratory passageways or, less commonly, by failure in the central respiratory center.

Front 47

Dyspnea (disp-NE-ah)

Back 47

is a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing.

Front 48

Orthopnea (or-THOP-ne-ah)

Back 48

refers to a difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position, either against two pillows in bed or in a chair.

Front 49

Kussmaul (KOOS-mowl)

Back 49

respiration is deep, rapid res- piration characteristic of acidosis as seen in uncontrolled diabetes.

Front 50

Cheyne-Stokes (CHANE stokes)

Back 50

respiration is a rhyth- mic variation in the depth of respiratory movements alternating with periods of apnea. It is caused by depres- sion of the breathing centers and is noted in certain criti- cally ill patients.

Front 51

Cyanosis (si-ah-NO-sis)

Back 51

is a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 52

Hypoxia (hi-POK-se-ah)

Back 52

means a lower-than-normal oxygen level in the tissues. The term anoxia (ah-NOK- se-ah) is sometimes used instead, but it is not as accurate because it means a total lack of oxygen.

Front 53

Hypoxemia (hi-pok-SE-me-ah)

Back 53

refers to a lower-than- normal oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood.

Front 54

hyperventilation (hi-per-ven-tih-LA-shun)

Back 54

the rate and depth of breathing increases above optimal levels.

Front 55

hypoventilation

Back 55

an amount of air insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs enters the alveoli.

Front 56

Upper Respiratory Infection

Back 56

Confined to the nose and the throats.

Common cold, Influenza, URI

Front 57

Lower Respiratory Infection

Back 57

RSV, Croup, pneumonia, influenza, COPD (enphazima, bronchitis)

Front 58

Coryza\

Back 58

an acute inflammatory contagious disease involving the upper respiratory tract: a common cold.

Front 59

3 types of pneumonia

Back 59

Lobarpneumonia- Confined to a certain lobe

Bronchopneumonia- Throughout the lung

Pneumocystispneumonia- particular to people with HIV and AIDS

Front 60

exudate (EKS-u-date)

Back 60

in the infected alveoli; this fluid consists chiefly of serum and pus, products of infection.

Front 61

What are tubercles?

Back 61

Small lesions that form where the organisms grow.

Front 62

Describe tuberculosis.

Back 62

infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leading cause of communicable disease death in the US. organism can readily spread into the lymph nodes or into the blood and be carried to other organs.

The small lesions in the lung explode and liquify and form a cavity as they die, which destroys the tissue.

Front 63

Namesome examples of respiratory disorders that can be caused by allergies

Back 63

allergic rhinitis and asthma

Front 64

Whatis asthma and what can trigger asthma attacks?

Back 64

caused by reversible changes in the airways, including inflammation and excessive mucus production and spasm of the involuntary muscle in bronchial tubes.

Exercise, inhaled substances, drugs, respiratory infection, noxious fumes, tobacco smoke, cold air.

Front 65

Whatis RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus?

Back 65

causesinfections of the lungs and respiratory tract. It is very common where mostchildren have been infected with the virus by age 2. Respiratory syncytial(sin-SISH-ul)virus can also infect adults.

Front 66

Whatis COPD and describe what happens in the bronchi and alveoli.

Back 66

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the term used to describe several associated lung disorders, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema (em-fih- SE-mah).

Front 67

What happens to the bronchi and alveoli with COPD?

Back 67

destruction of the alveoli and the bronchi become narrow and inflamed and produce excessive secretions.

Front 68

Pnuemothorax

Back 68

Pneumothorax: accumulation of air in the pleural space.

Front 69

Hemothorax:

Back 69

Blood in the pleural space- caused by penetrating chest wounds. In such cases, the first priority is to stop the bleeding.

Front 70

Whatis a thoracentesis and why is the procedure done?

Back 70

A needle inserted in to the pleural space to remove excess fluid.

Front 71

tracheotomy

Back 71

refers to the incision in the trachea.

Front 72

tracheostomy

Back 72

tube is used if the pharynx or the larynx is obstructed. It is a small metal or plastic tube that is inserted through a cut (stoma) made in the trachea.

Front 73

What is a bronchoscopy?

Back 73

Process of visually examining the bronchioles.

Front 74

What is artificial respiration and when is it used?

Back 74

used when a patient has temporar- ily lost the capacity to breathe independently.

Front 75

What is CPR?

Back 75

Cardiac massage and mouth to mouth respiration.

Front 76

Oxygen therapy

Back 76

is used to sustain life when a condition interferes with adequate oxygen supply to the tissues.

Front 77

Laryng/o

Back 77

larynx

the laryngeal pharynx opens into the larynx

Front 78

nas/o

Back 78

nose

the nasopharynx is behind the nasal cavity

Front 79

or/o

Back 79

mouth,

the oropharynx is behind the mouth

Front 80

pleur/o

Back 80

side, rib

the pleura covers the lung and lines the chest wall (rib cage)

Front 81

capn/o

Back 81

carbon dioxide

hypercapnia is a rise in the blood level of carbon dioxide

Front 82

orth/o

Back 82

straight

orthopena can be relieved by sitting in an upright position

Front 83

-pnea

Back 83

breathing

hypopnea is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing

Front 84

spir/o

Back 84

breathing

A spirometer is an instrument used to record breathing volumes

Front 85

atel/o

Back 85

incomplete

Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of the lung

Front 86

-centesis

Back 86

tapping, perforation

in thoracentesis, a needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove fluid

Front 87

pneum/o

Back 87

air, gas

pneumothorax is accumulation of air in the pleural space

Front 88

pneumon/o

Back 88

lung

pneumonia is inflammation of the lung

Front 89

rhin/o

Back 89

nose

rhinitis is inflammation of the nose.