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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteries |
Red Larger than veins Able to contract |
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Veins |
Blue |
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Heart is located |
Medial to lungs Superior to diaphragm Left of body’s midline |
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Apex |
Bottom of heart, point of heart Inferior portion directed toward the left of the heart |
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Base |
Top of heart (superior) Great vessels are attached — carry vessels into/out of heart |
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Heart occupies most of the what? |
Mediastinum (central region of the thorax/chest) |
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3 tissue layers of the heart |
Endocardium (inside) Myocardium (middle) Epicardium (outside) |
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Pericardium |
Sac that covers that heart |
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Parietal |
Covers the cavity |
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Visceral |
Covers the organs |
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Endocardium |
Inside Smooth thin layer of epithelium Provides SMOOTH SURFACE for blood to flow EASILY |
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The smooth thin layer in the endocardium does what? |
Prevents abnormal clotting of the heart Folds into membrane Makes the bicuspid valve |
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Myocardium |
Heart muscle Middle layer Thickest layer Pumps blood through vessels Thicker at left ventricle |
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Epicardium |
Outer most layer of heart wall Serous membrane Considered visceral layer bc it covers this organ (❤️) |
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Pericardium layers |
Outermost and heaviest layer— fibrous CT membrane Addt’l CT anchors the pericardium SEROUS MEMBRANE forms the INNER LATER of the pericardial sac OUTER PARIETAL LAYER LINES the fibrous pericardial sac Thin fluid layer is there to prevent friction between the 2 layers |
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Fibrous pericardium |
Pericardium sac outermost and heaviest layer Connective tissue |
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What anchors the pericardial layer? |
Additional CT to the diaphragm |
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Serous membrane in the pericardium |
Forms the INNER LAYER of the pericardial sac |
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Outer parietal layer |
LINES the fibrous pericardial sac ( an inner layer visceral layer that lines the heart) |
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What prevents friction between the parietal layer and the visceral layer |
A thin layer a fluid |
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Mediastinum |
Central region of chest/thorax |
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Divisions of the heat |
Right and left Double pump |
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Right side of heart |
Receives low, deoxygenated blood that has already circulated through the body and pumped to the Lungs
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Left side of heart |
Receives highly oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body |
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4 chambers |
Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle |
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R & L upper atrium (atria) |
Blood receiving chambers |
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R & L ventricles (lower) |
Dispensing pumps Maximum amount of forceful pumps |
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Right atrium chamber |
Receive blood returning from body Blood has low oxygen Carried back to the heart by veins(superior/inferior vena cava) |
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Superior vena cava |
Brings blood from head/chest/arm (anything above diaphragm) back to the heart |
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Inferior vena cava |
Brings blood from trunk and legs (anything below diaphragm) and returns back the Right atrium |
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Largest vein in body |
Superior/ inferior vena cava |
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All 3 of these return blood to the right atrium |
Superior/inferior vena cava Coranary sinus |
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Blood comes from |
The superior/inferior vena cave |
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Right ventricle chamber |
Receives blood from Right Atrium and pumps to lungs |
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Pulmonary trunk |
Blood passes from the right ventricle to this Divides into R and L pulmonary arteries Branches of these carry blood to the lungs |
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Arteries carry OXYGENATED blood — EXCEPT pulmonary arteries |
All other instances arteries carry oxygen rich blood |
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Pulmonary Arteries |
Carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated |
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Veins carry unoxygenated blood — EXCEPT pulmonary veins |
All other instances veins carry unoxygenated blood |
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Pulmonary veins |
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
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Pulmonary circulation |
Supplies blood with oxygen Blood is pumped to and from lungs |
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Blood is returned back from lungs and received by? |
Left atrium |
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Unoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the? |
Right ventricle |
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Left Atrium Chamber |
Receiving chamber Receives oxygenated blood that comes from lungs via pulmonary VEINS |
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What’s the only time veins carry oxygen rich blood? |
In the left atrium |
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Why does the left ventricle have the thickest wall? |
Bc it has to PUMP blood out to the ENTIRE BODY |
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Aorta |
Largest artery in body |
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Septum |
Separate right and left chambers completely |
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Interatrial septum |
Separates two artia ( atrium) |
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Interventricular septum |
Separates the two ventricles |
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4 valves |
right atrioventricular valve (aka tricuspid ) Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid) Pulmonary valve Aortic valve |
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Valves function |
Keep blood flowing one way Prevent BACK FLOW |
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Right AV Valve (Tricuspid) |
3 cusps When the valve opens, blood flows freely from the R Atrium to R ventricle |
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Left AV Valve (Bicuspid or mitral) |
2 cusps - heavier cusps Permit blood to flow freely from L atrium to L ventricle |
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AV valves |
Attached by thin fibrous threads to papillary muscles arising from the walls of ventricles |
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Chordea tendineae (Heart strings) |
Fibrous threads that attaches AV valves (heart strings) |
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Purpose of chordea tendinae |
Stabilize the valve flaps(clasps) when ventricles contact |
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Pulmonary Valve |
Semilunar Prevents back flow to right ventricle |
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Where is the aortic valve located? |
Between left ventricle and aorta |
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Where is the Pulmonary valve located |
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
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Aortic Valve |
Semilunar Prevents back flow to left ventricle |
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Pulmonary arteries |
Carry deoxygenated blood |
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Pulmonary veins |
Carry oxygenated blood |
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What’s the only layer that comes in direct with blood flow in the chamber? |
Endocardium |
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Coronary arteries |
❤️s own blood supply Supplies O2 and nutrients Blood supply for myocardium |
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R and L coronary arteries |
Encircle ❤️ like a crown 1st to branch off aorta |
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Ischemia |
No O2 or blood supply to ❤️ Cell/muscle death |
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Coronary artery disease |
Once vessels get clogged or narrowed ➡️ ischemia ➡️ heart attack |
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What’s the process of blood to the myocardium? |
Aorta- R/L coronary arteries - arterioles - venules - capillaries - coronary veins - coronary sinus |
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Capillaries |
Gas exchange takes place (O2 for CO2) |
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Pulmonary circulation |
Taking unoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and bringing it back to L atrium to be pumped / exchange CO2 for O2 |
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Systemic circulation |
Pumps oxygenated blood out to body (whole system) by L ventricle |
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Heart muscle contraction begins in atrium |
Contraction of ventricles more forceful than atrium |
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Cardiac cycle |
One complete cycle of contraction/ relaxation (opening/closing of valves) Heart beat |
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Each cardiac cycle takes about |
0.8 seconds 8/10th of a second |
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Cardiac output |
Amount of blood pumped from each ventricle per min |
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Stroke volume |
70 Amount of blood pumped from each ventricle with each beat |
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Cardiac output formula |
Heart rate x stroke volume |
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Nodes |
Tissue masses |
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Sinoatrial node SA node |
Aka pacemaker Upper wall of R atrium Initiates heart beats sets rate of contraction |
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Which node is electrical conduction |
SA node |
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Atrioventricular node AV node Vagas nerve |
Back up Located between atria (interatrial septum) Bottom of R atrium |
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Which node is the coordinator |
AV node |
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Atrioventricular bundle “Bundle of his” |
Top of interventricular septum |
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Intercalculated disks |
Disks allow for rapid flow of impulses |
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Purkinje fibers |
Travels in branching networks through the myocardium |
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Sequence of hearts conduction system |
SA - AV - AV Bundle - purkinje fibers |
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Sinus rhythm |
Normal heart rhythm starting at SA Node |
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Central nervous system |
Main control Divides into 2 system |
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What influence heart rate |
Chemicals Drugs Hormones Exercises |
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ANS Autonomic nervous system |
Modifies heart rate according to changing body conditions |
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Sympathetic |
Increase heart rate or contractions by stimulating SA and AV Nodes |
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What’s your fight or flight response? |
Sympathetic |
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Parasympathetic |
Lowers heart rate or contractions |
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What is known as “puts the breaks on?” |
Parasympathetic |
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Vagas nerve |
Cranial nerve that supplies heart Extends to anus |
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Premature Ventricular Contraction Extrasystole |
Extra beat |
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Asystole |
No contractions No heart beat |
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S1 , 1st ❤️ sound |
“Lub” Start of ventricular systole |
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S2 2nd ❤️ sound |
“Dup” Start of ventricular relaxation |
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Organic murmur |
Abnormal sound caused by structural change |
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Sinus arrhythmia |
Variation in heart rate can be due to changes in the rate and depth and breathing |
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Intercalated disks between cells |
Promotes rapid transfer of electrical signals between cardiac muscle cells |
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Layer of heart wall that pumps blood? |
Myocardium |
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Coronary sinus |
Dilated vein that opens into the right atrium near inferior venacave |
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Coronary veins |
Take CO2 to coronary sinus to drain to right atrium |
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Murmur |
Abnormal heart beat due to faulty valve |
